Paper additives

Patent Application Material Patentability Anticipated Issuing Date  

Research Focus Synthesis of glyoxalated poly(vinylarnide-co-diallyldimethylarnmonium chloride) by free radical polymerization. 

Originality Ongoing 4-year investigation by this group. 

Observations Although paper-strengthening additives have previously been prepared 

Preparation of glyoxalated poly(vinylamide-co-diallyldimethylammonium chloride) 

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In suspension processes the fate of the continuous liquid phase and the associated control of the stabilisation and destabilisation of the system are the most important considerations. Many polymers occur in latex form, i.e. as polymer particles of diameter of the order of 1 p.m suspended in a liquid, usually aqueous, medium. Such latices are widely used to produce latex foams, elastic thread, dipped latex rubber goods, emulsion paints and paper additives. In the manufacture and use of such products it is important that premature destabilisation of the latex does not occur but that such destabilisation occurs in a controlled and appropriate manner at the relevant stage in processing. Such control of stability is based on the general precepts of colloid science. As with products from solvent processes diffusion distances for the liquid phase must be kept short furthermore, care has to be taken that the drying rates are not such that a skin of very low permeability is formed whilst there remains undesirable liquid in the mass of the polymer. For most applications it is desirable that destabilisation leads to a coherent film (or spongy mass in the case of foams) of polymers. To achieve this the of the latex compound should not be above ambient temperature so that at such temperatures intermolecular diffusion of the polymer molecules can occur. 

The pulp and paper additives enter the process first through a dump chest in their concentrated form. Adjustments are then made to the concentration in the stock chest just prior to transfer onto the Fourdrinier wire where the paper sheet is produced. Surface additives are sprayed after sheet formation and the final sheet is dried at high temperatures in dryers. The water from the wire is removed into underground tanks and in most cases, recirculated and reused. 

There are many chemicals that are important in the manufacture of paper. These paper additives include pigments and dyes, wet-strength resins, sizes. 

Urea- and melamine-formaldehyde resins are used as moldings, lacquers, and adhesives (for wood), also as textile additives (increased crease resistance) and paper additives (improved wet strength). 

The processing properties of poly(vinyl chloride) has been improved by copolymerizing vinyl chloride with a small amount of vinyl alkyl ether. Copolymers of vinyl alkyl ethers and maleic anhydride arc used as water soluble thickeners, paper additives, textile assistants and in cleaning formulations. 

An accurate reproduction of the master production record, checked for accuracy, dated, and signed. An investigator will verify that controls exist to make sure that the batch record issued is reproduced from the correct master copy. If a master record changes, there must be some type of documented purging of the files (electronic and/or paper). Additionally, at the time of issuance of a batch record, there must be a documented check for accuracy. This accuracy check should include that all pages issued are complete (no printer or photocopy errors) and that the correct revision of the master was used. 

While starch has been utilized for hundreds of years as a paper additive (see Chapter 18), as an adhesive and as a sizing for textiles, its use as a structural polymer is a relatively recent development. Considerable effort has been given to the use of starch... 

A closely analogous Pd-catalyzed carbonylative bicylization of 2-(pro-pargyl)allyl phosphates reported recently [147] can readily be explained in terms of a Type III Ac-Pd mechanism shown in Scheme 61, even though the authors of this paper additionally proposed an alternate ketene-alkyne bicy-clization mechanism also shown in Scheme 61. 

This table extends (with less detail) the comprehensive compilation of Reference 192. Experimental details should be sought in the original paper. Additional examples and/or leading references are indicated by the asterisk in the last column. 

If, on the other hand, a system is produced by a random conglomeration of a large number of individual elements (porous or nonporous), the result will be an addition system. They also include both natural and man-made materials sand, gravel, woven fabrics, powders, fibrous materials, paper. Addition systems also include a special type of gas-filled plastics, the so-called syntactic foams. 

A new expression (8) for the excess (or deficit) around any central molecule in a liquid mixture, which was derived by us in a recent paper, is employed to examine various binary mixtures. Eqn (8) involves a KBI as well as a volume F due to the presence of the central molecule, which is inaccessible to the considered component of the mixture. In our previous paper, it was suggested to equate with (Vj-RoTkT), where Vj is the partial molar volume of component j. In this paper, additional options are suggested for F, namely the molar volume of the pure components j (Vj) (eqn (14)), or the van der Waals volumes (eqn (15)). The excesses (or deficits) have been calculated for the isopropanol-water mixture using all three eqns (13)-(15). Fig. 2 shows that eqns (13)-(15) lead to comparable results for the excesses (or deficits) for the isopropanol-water mixture. 

Use Electrical insulating materials in resins and polymers for coating textiles, wood, and paper additive in cutting oils. 

Acrylic acid or methacrylic acid-starch graft copolymers were proposed as floc-culants for bauxites,2714,3095 agents for sizing cotton,3096-3098 tanning materials,3099 paper additives,3100 and also for sanitary napkins, diapers, tampons, and sick-bed sheets.3101-3104 Particular attention was devoted to the use of vinyl monomer grafted onto crosslinked starch.3105 Other applications include antiflammatory... 

Find (he molar and mass fluxes and n, of CS ) in the tube. Calculate the following properties at 0.0. 5.0, 10.0, 15.0. 18.0. and 20.0 cm from the CS surface. Arrange columns in the following order on one sheet of paper. (Additional columns may be included for computational purposes if desired.) On a separate sheet give the relations used to obtain each quantity. Try to put each relation into a form involving the minimum computation and the highest accuracy ... 

The direct method 2-Naphthalenediazonium chloride solution 252 2-Naphthylamine (143 g, 1 mole) is added to a mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid (450 ml) and water (500 ml). The resulting suspension of amine hydrochloride is cooled to 5° by addition of ice (500 g). Then solid sodium nitrite (ca. 69 g) is added, with vigorous stirring, until presence of a slight excess is indicated by a color on starch-iodide paper. Additional ice (ca. 600 g) is added gradually during the preceding reaction so that the temperature does not exceed 5°. At the end of the reaction small amounts of insoluble matter are filtered off. 

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