Pantothenic acid appearance

Pantothenic acid appears to be of critical importance in maintaining the integrity of the cells of the adrenal cortex. Morgan and Simms (1939) were the first to point out that the adrenals of rats on diets deficient... 

Excretion of free pantothenate in the urine is the primary excretion route in humans in other mammals the glucuronide or glucoside may be excreted. There is little evidence of degradation to simpler products, and pantothenic acid appears to be very efficiently conserved in animals. Some bacteria can cleave it to yield pantoic acid and /3-alanine. A potentially useful breakdown product of CoA is taurine, formed via cystea-mine. This amino acid is an essential nutrient for some carnivorous animals such as cats. 

A similar effect with biotin alone was noted with the "old process strain practically no multiplication was observed until after 72 hours, when continued rapid growth began. In this case the delay in growth appeared to be due mainly to the slowness with which the organism became able to synthesize thiamin at an adequate rate. For the "Gebriider Mayer strain, pantothenic acid appeared indispensable for continued growth and biotin could neither replace it, nor, under the given conditions, facilitate the ability to synthesize it. 

Niacin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid and vitamin B6 contents are greatly increased in tempeh during fermentation, whereas thiamin exhibits no significant change. H. oligosporus appears to have a great synthetic capacity for niacin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, and vitamin B, but not for thiamin. 

ATP and magnesium were required for the activation of acetate. Acetylations were inhibited by mercuric chloride suggesting an SH group was involved in the reaction either on the enzyme or, like lipoic acid, as a cofactor. Experiments from Lipmann s laboratory then demonstrated that a relatively heat-stable coenzyme was needed—a coenzyme for acetylation—coenzyme A (1945). The thiol-dependence appeared to be associated with the coenzyme. There was also a strong correlation between active coenzyme preparations and the presence in them of pantothenic acid—a widely distributed molecule which was a growth factor for some microorganisms and which, by 1942-1943, had been shown to be required for the oxidation of pyruvate. 

Finally, we come to the last of the vitamins that appear on the contents list of my multivitamin pill—pantothenic acid. This water-soluble vitamin serves a single purpose in physiology and biochemistry it is a precursor to a far more complex molecule known as coenzyme A or, simply, CoASH. 

Another acid amide bond (-CO-NH-) creates the compound for the next constituent, pantoinate. This compound contains a chiral center and can therefore appear in two enantiomeric forms (see p.8). In natural coenzyme A, only one of the two forms is found, the (R)-pantoinate. Human metabolism is not capable of producing pantoinate itself, and it therefore has to take up a compound of (1-alanine and pantoinate— pantothenate ( pantothenic acid )—in the form of a vitamin in food (see p.366). 

In general, vitamins appear to be at least as stable during UHT processing as during conventional pasteurization (Mehta 1980). Levels of the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, and E, as well as those of the water-soluble vitamins, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, and biotin in milk, are not decreased by UHT processing. Furthermore, no loss of... 

Pantothenic acid deficiency appears only in cases of severe malnutrition, and it is usually characterized by a burning sensation in the feet and lower legs (19,186). 

The uptake and accumulation of various amino acids in Lactobacillus arabinosus have been described. Deficiencies of vitamin B6, biotin, and pantothenic acid markedly alter the operation of these transport systems. Accumulation capacity is decreased most severely by a vitamin B6 deficiency. This effect appears to arise indirectly from the synthesis of abnormal cell wall which renders the transport systems unusually sensitive to osmotic factors. Kinetic and osmotic experiments also exclude biotin and pantothenate from direct catalytic involvement in the transport process. Like vitamin B6, they affect uptake indirectly, probably through the metabolism of a structural cell component. The evidence presented supports a concept of pool formation in which free amino acids accumulate in the cell through the intervention of membrane-localized transport catalysts. 

D-(-)-Pantoyl lactone 1s a key intermediate for the synthesis of pantothenic acid which is a member of the vitamin B-complex and is an important constituent of Coenzyme A. Although D-(-)-pantoyl lactone has been obtained by classical optical resolution using quinine, ephedrine, and other chiral amines, catalytic asymmetric synthesis appears to be more effective... 

Panthenol, USP. Panthenol, the racemic alcohol analogue of pantothenic acid, exhibits both qualitatively and quantitatively the vitamin activity of pantothenic acid. It is considerably more stable than pantothenic acid in solutions with pH values of 3 to 5 but of about equal. stability at pH 6 to 8. It appears to be absorbed more readily from the gut. paniculorly in the presence of food-... 

The rat can convert glucose cycloacetoacetate to ascorbic add, although this does not appear to be a physiological route of synthesis. The conversion is blocked by pantothenic acid deficiency (T6). This interesting compound is a cyclic ketal in which carbons 2 and 3 of acetoacetate are condensed with carbons 1 and 2 of glucose. 

At the present time the data suggest multiple points of action of the adrenocortical hormones. Of the reactions which Villee et al. (1952) suggested might be influenced by the adrenocortical hormones, the condensation of pyruvate with oxaloacetate is known to require coenzyme A, as was described earlier. However, both Lipsett and Moore s (1952) experiments showing that the production of ketone bodies from pyruvate was not influenced by adrenalectomy and the observation that the acetylation of aromatic amines was not influenced by adrenalectomy (Dumm and Ralli, 1951) appear to exclude the reactions leading to the production of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate as probable points of action of the adrenocortical hormones. Therefore, of the reactions leading to the production of citrate from pyruvate and oxaloacetate, the most likely to be influenced by the adrenocortical hormones would appear to be the final condensation of acetyl-CoA with oxaloacetate. If further work should establish a direct influence of the adrenocortical hormones on the condensation of acetyl-CoA with oxaloacetate, an additional basis for the interrelations between pantothenic acid and the functions of the cortical hormones would be established. 

When excess pantothenic acid is administered to diabetic rats, the excretion of sugar and ketone bodies is markedly reduced, and cholesterol accumulates in the liver, adrenals, and blood. Therefore, pantothenic acid administration to diabetic rats appears to stimulate the use of acetate and acetoacetate for cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis. The role of coenzyme A in diabetes is discussed in greater detail in the chapter devoted to that disease. 

Vitamin B5 or pantothenic acid is a water soluble vitamin, which is mainly produced by chemical routes. Pantothenic acid is required for normal skin function as it leads to formation of coenzyme Q and is involved in carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism. Dex-panthenol, an alcoholic analog of pantothenic acid is more stable and has good skin penetration than pantothenic acid. Dexpanthenol is mainly used for topical application on skin and serves as good moisturizer and thus improves the cosmetic appearance of skin. It has mild skin inflammatory activity, but is well tolerated by skin. Pantothenic acid improves wound healing, epidermal regeneration, and reduces scarring also. So, pantothenic acid itself can be used in various skin care formulations. Pantothenic acid is used in hair care formulation as it hydrates the hair and protects the hair fiom chemicals and UV rays. ... 

Chlorine-tofidine (Rgt. No. 42) has proved to be a universal and sensitive reagent [8]. B, Bg, Bg, B g, nicotinic acid, nicotiaamide, pantothenic acid, folic acid, biotin and rutin appear as grey blue spots on a white background after a short while, B g turns violet and Bg greenish. Vitamin C yields no colour. The reaction depends however on the amount of substance, intensity of spraying, thickness and moisture content of the layer and the time at which the layer is inspected. 

Pantothenol, structurally like pantothenic acid except for the replacement of the carboxyl by a primary alcohol group, appears to be approxi-... 

In medical circles the importance of pantothenic acid as a nutrient is often disregarded because of this universal-occurrence idea and also because it is difficult to produce inhumansaspecificdiseasecondition whichmay be attributed specifically to its deficiency. It would appear that pantothenic acid deficiency (since it is the only organic part of coenzyme A needed nutritionally by mammals) might well cause diffuse adverse effects comparable to those which might be expected to occur in non-osseous tissues as a result of phosphate deficiency. 

Fig. 43. Adrenal gland of a pantothenic acid-deficient rat. Zona glomerulosa and outer zona fasciculata are normal. Inner fasciculata and outer reticularis show a focus of necrosis. Inner part of zona reticularis appears normal.

The basic B vitamins are regularly required by all animals. Exceptions are rare for instance, niacin is not required by mammals (in the presence of adequate tryptophan) nor biotin by Tetrahymena, The need for thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine (or derivatives), pantothen, and folic acid appears to be universal throughout the animal kingdom. Rather rare and specialized requirements are encountered, such as cholesterol for certain trichomonad flagellates and insects hemin for trypanosomids and at least one bloodsucking insect carnitine for two species of beetles thioctic acid for ciliates and purines and pyrimidines for ciliates. 

From a nutritional standpoint, it is significant that five of the B-complex vitamins (riboflavin, nicotinamide, thiamine, vitamin Be, and pantothenic acid) have been shown to be constituents of the coenzymes. The nutritional requirement of these vitamins is explained on the basis of their coenzyme function. In all cases the coenzyme form appears to be the sole bound form of the vitamin, and this then becomes the only metabolically active form for these particular vitamins. 

The vitamin B complex contains a number of factors which are closely associated in their distribution in nature and have related functions in intermediate metabolism. Of the eleven factors which are available in pure form, five have been shown to be constituents of coenzymes, namely, thiamine, riboflavin, niacinamide, pyridoxine, and pantothenic acid. It seems likely that other B vitamins may be found to function in a similar manner. Two members of the B complex, choline and inositol, appear to have lipotropic activity, and two others, folic acid and vitamin B12, have antianemic properties. Deficiency of vitamins of the B complex is one of the most frequently encountered syndromes of malnutrition in man. 

Table I summarizes the effects of the various deficiencies of the vitamin B complex upon the response to a variety of antigenic stimuli in different test animals. It is the reviewers opinion that, with the exception of the criticisms already made, this table represents the results of well-controlled, adequate experiments. It is quite apparent that the individual members of the vitamin B complex play a very important role in determining antibody response. Their absence may produce a marked impairment in antibody production. Generalizations on this subject are dangerous, but it would appear that pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, and folic acid deficiencies show the most consistent deleterious effects upon antibody production. It is also apparent that the effects of the individual deficiencies may vary widely depending upon the antigen employed.

Although the metabolism of most of the water-soluble B vitamins is interrelated with that of fat in general, it was pointed out by Salmon (1941) that the deficiencies in pantothenic acid, p3rridoxine, and EFA, respectively, result in the production of forms of dermatitis which are similar in appearance. The closest relationship appears to exist between the requirement for fat and that of pyridoxine (Hogan and Richardson, 1935 Birch and Gyorgy, 1936). The dermatitis which occurs on a diet low in pyridoxine but containing 10% of fat can be cured when a small amount of lard is added to the diet (Birch and Gydrgy, 1936). In fact, Birch alone (1938) later showed that the onset of dermatitis due to a pyridoxine deficiency was delayed by the addition of fat to the diet in some oases, the abnormal skin condition was completely prevented, even up to the time of death. 

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