Carnivorous, animals

Vitamin Bjg is not synthesized by animals or by plants. Only a few species of bacteria synthesize this complex substance. Carnivorous animals easily acquire sufficient amounts of Bjg from meat in their diet, but herbivorous creatures typically depend on intestinal bacteria to synthesize Bjg for them. This is sometimes not sufficient, and certain animals, including rabbits, occasionally eat their feces in order to accumulate the necessary quantities of Big. 

However, some of our deer individuals from the arid Joshua Tree National Park in California indicate unusual D-enrichment. This may derive from evapotranspiration in local plants that were part of the diet of the deer and/or in the body fluids of the animals themselves, as is expected in extremely diy environments (Cormie et al., 1994c Bowen et al., 2005). Deer occupy an ecological niche that is relatively simple from the perspective of hydrogen, as their diet consists of leafy vegetation and their water is obtained from surface waters (lakes and streams) that in many cases have D values closely representing mean annual precipitation. In contrast, omnivorous and carnivorous animals consume more diverse diets with more widely varying... 

Most carnivorous animals avoid sponges as they are of poor nutritional value and are protected by spicules and toxins. Many sea sponges use toxins to repel would-be predators. Some nudibranchs, however, such as Platydoris... 

There are several different types of organic mercury, but by far the most important in terms of health effects is methyl mercury. When atmospheric mercury is deposited on the ground or in the water, it is converted to methyl mercury by bacteria. Mercury compounds are very toxic and this is the bacteria s way to detoxify mercury. Small animals then consume the bacteria, along with the methyl mercury and bigger animals in turn consume the smaller animals, thus increasing the concentrations of methyl mercury. Methyl mercury accumulates in the larger carnivorous animals, most important of which are fish such as tuna, pike, and shark. 

Uric acid is found in the urine, blood, and muscle juices of carnivorous animals (herbivorous animals secrete hippuric acid), in the excrement of birds, serpents and insects, and is an oxidation product of the complex nitrogenous compounds of the animal organism. 

Detoxification of dietary alleochemicals, which can be achieved by symbiotic bacteria or protozoa living in the rumen or intestines, or by liver enzymes which are specialized for the chemical modification of xenobiot-ics. This evolutionary trait is very helpful for Homo sapiens, since it endowed us with a means to cope with our man-made chemicals which pollute the environment. Carnivorous animals, such as cats, are known to be much more sensitive toward plant poisons (505). It was suggested that these animals, which do not face the problem of toxic food normally, are thus not adapted to the handling of allelochemicals. 

Today, coral is the name given to sea dwelling, soft bodied, carnivorous animals with polyps, most of which live in colonies. They belong to the phylum Coelenterata. There are thousands of different corals throughout the world s warmer seas. Coral is also the term used to describe the skeleton of the polyps, which may, in some cases, be used as a gem or ornamental material. 

Pentastomum denticulatum is the final larva of the nasal worm Linguatula serrata. The adult parasites (4-5 mm long) live in the nasal cavities and respiratory tracts of carnivorous animals and snakes. Infection is transmitted through oral ingestion of the eggs with subsequent development of the larvae in the small intestine. They travel via the portal vein to the liver, where they encyst and form hard, yellow nodules of ca. 3 mm in diameter. Histology reveals fibrous alterations as well as granulomatous infiltrates fine calcifications can occasionally be detected. No therapy is known. 

As in humans filariasis has high prevalence in domestic animals. The microfilariae live in the peritoneal blood and skin while the adult filariids reside in the blood vessels, lymphatic system, subcutaneous tissues and body cavities. In addition, the heartworm of the dog, Dirofilaria immitis, is found in the right ventricle and adjacent pulmonary arteries of carnivorous animals. 

As can be seen from Fig. 1, most bodily functions, such as the activity of skeletal and smooth muscles, the secretory activity of glands, cardiac activity, circulation and blood pressure, respiration, digestion, gestation, and last but not least, sensory and computational tasks of the central and peripheral nerve system, are governed and regulated by neurotransmitters and the connected set of neuroreceptors, ion channels, and other elements of the signal pathway (Fig. 5). These elements are therefore most vulnerable targets in herbivorous and carnivorous animals towards which... 

Uric Acid. 7,9-Dihydro-1 H-purine-2,h,S< M1)-trl-one 8-hydroxyxanthine purine-2,6,8-triol purine-2,6,8-(1H, 3//, (>ll) -trior 2,6,8-trioxypurine. C5HiN4Oi mol wt 168.11. C 35.72%, H 2.40%, N 33.33%, O 28.55%. Discovered by Scheele and independently hy Bergman in 1776. It forms the chief end-product of the nitrogenous metabolism of birds and of scaly reptiles and is found in their excrement present in the urine of all carnivorous animals. Prepn from urea Bills et al. J. Org. Chem. 27, 4633 (1962). Role in biological processes Bishop, Talbott, Pharmacol Revs. 5, 231 (1953). 

Taurocholic acid 31 is a component of bile and plays an important role in digestion of fats. It is abundant in bile of carnivorous animals like cat, dog and rat, while herbivorous... 

Tab. 1.4-3 Rubidium contents (mg kg dry matter) of liver and kidney tissues of herbivorous, omnivorous and carnivorous animals and man...

The natural iodine offer of animals and man without iodine supplementation greatly varies with distance from the seaside, the geological origin of the site, the eating habits and the specific iodine contents of the various foods and beverages (Table 9-4.15). The danger of an iodine deficiency is most severe in grazing ruminants (wild and domestic) and lowest in carnivores. Animals and people with mixed diets are also... 

By herbivorous animals acetanilid is eliminated as para-amido phenol, C H4,OH(,),IfHa( ) by carnivorous animals partly in that-form, but mostly as orthoxy-carbanil, CeH,NO,COH. 

As a carnivorous animal, man learns to live off other animals. He also learns, as do most animals, not to kill members of his own species for food. In eschewing the eating of human flesh, man takes a great leap forward in his moral development. 

Centipedes (Chilopoda) are medium-sized to large carnivorous animals that are found chiefly in woodlands but also in grasslands and arable soil. Some species can burrow readily, whereas others must depend on cracks or crevices for entrance into the soil. They may frequently be found in surface litter or under stones or rotting wood. They will kill and eat almost any of the soil animals common to garden soils. According to Kevan... 

DDT /dee-dee-tee/ (dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane (ClCgH4)2CH(CCl3)) A colorless crystalline organic compound, once widely used as an insecticide. Its use is now restricted or banned in many countries because it is stable and remains unchanged in the soil, and passes up the food chain to accumulate in the fatty tissues of carnivorous animals. 

One might expect that population density should decrease as body mass increases because the larger organisms tend to use more of the available resources than do smaller organisms. For plants, one of the most critical resources is space itself, because space represents light availability. For herbivores, the link to space is nearly as strong, because space implies a certain amount of plant food availability. For carnivorous animals, the tie to space as a primary resource is not as direct. 

The metabolic transformation of the C,s essential fatty acids to their longer chain fatty acid derivatives has been studied mainly in the liver and to some extent in the brain. Animals and tissues vary greatly in their efficiency of desaturation and chain elongation [18,414,415]. Thus young rats have a particularly active system whereas cats are unable to perform this metabolic reaction. The failure of the cat family to desaturate linoleic acid has been suggested to be a possible reason behind the cats evolution to carnivorous animals [416] (e.g. eating rats). Humans occupy an intermediate position. 

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