Animal kingdom

Manganese is widely distributed throughout the animal kingdom. It is an important trace element and may be essential for utilization of vitamin Bl. 

Animals cannot synthesize vitamin A-active compounds and necessary quantities are obtained by ingestion of vitamin A or by consumption of appropriate provitamin A compounds such as P-carotene. Carotenoids are manufactured exclusively by plants and photosynthetic bacteria. Until the discovery of vitamin A in the purple bacterium Halobacterium halobium in the 1970s, vitamin A was thought to be confined to only the animal kingdom (56). Table 4 Hsts RDA and U.S. RDA for vitamin A (67). 

Citric acid occurs widely in the plant and animal kingdoms (12). It is found most abundantiy in the fmits of the citms species, but is also present as the free acid or as a salt in the fmit, seeds, or juices of a wide variety of flowers and plants. The citrate ion occurs in all animal tissues and fluids (12). The total ckculating citric acid in the semm of humans is approximately 1 mg/kg body weight. Normal daily excretion in human urine is 0.2—1.0 g. This natural occurrence of citric acid is described in Table 7. 

Europe. An incorrect name that persisted for many years was infusorial earth incorrect because Infusoria comprises a group of the animal kingdom (1). Nobel developed the first important iadustrial use of diatomite as an absorbent for Hquid nitroglycerin ia the making of dynamite late ia the nineteenth century. 

The anthraquinone stmcture occurs in both the plant and animal kingdom. Those natural dyes having this stmcture surpass all other natural dyes in fastness properties (see Dyes, anthraquinone). 

ChEs exist throughout the entire animal kingdom and appear in locations, where no ACh is released, suggesting that these possess additional non-hydrolytic functional properties, designated non-classical . These may depend on protein-protein interactions,... 

Collagen is the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom approximately 19 types have been isolated. All collagens contain greater or lesser stretches of triple helix and the repeating stmcture (Gly-X-Y). ... 

Plants appear to contain few, if any, of the general types of iron compounds which are not represented elsewhere in the protist or animal kingdoms. 

Not all neurons have NFs. Indeed, one entire phylum in the animal kingdom, arthropods, expresses only type V nuclear lamins so arthropod cells have no IF cytoskeletal structures at all. In addition, mature oligodendrocytes lack IFs although their embryonic precursors contain vimentin. Clearly, the IFs are not essential for cell survival. Yet, in large myelinated fibers, NFs make up the bulk of axonal volume and represent a substantial fraction of the total protein in brain. In most organisms, IFs in both glia... 

After 1960, many new isolations of these bases were reported, much chemistry and biology has been added to the original body, and about 80 new alkaloids from the vegetable and animal kingdoms have joined the list. These are the reasons why it was felt that the time had come to update the preceding reviews. 

Since the oxidative polymerization of phenols is the industrial process used to produce poly(phenyleneoxide)s (Scheme 4), the application of polymer catalysts may well be of interest. Furthermore, enzymic, oxidative polymerization of phenols is an important pathway in biosynthesis. For example, black pigment of animal kingdom "melanin" is the polymeric product of 2,6-dihydroxyindole which is the oxidative product of tyrosine, catalyzed by copper enzyme "tyrosinase". In plants "lignin" is the natural polymer of phenols, such as coniferyl alcohol 2 and sinapyl alcohol 3. Tyrosinase contains four Cu ions in cataly-tically active site which are considered to act cooperatively. These Cu ions are presumed to be surrounded by the non-polar apoprotein, and their reactivities in substitution and redox reactions are controlled by the environmental protein. 

Ommochromes belong to the naturally occurring pigments present in many members of the animal kingdom mainly in insects. Their presence in the central nervous system of the silkworm Bombyx mori was proved by using cellulose and silica stationary phases. The Rp values of standards and the isolated pigments are compiled in Tables 2.107 and 2.108. 

In beetles, the front pairs of wings are transformed into hardened wing covers under which the soft hind wings are folded when not in use. This hard cover provides protection which may be a major reason for the successful evolution of this largest order in the animal kingdom. 

All entries of Table 2.1 belong to samples representing the animal kingdom. In order to demonstrate the generality of peptidome concept we analyzed the extract of Avenasativa oat acrospires [34]. Table 2.2 provides the list of peptides found in that plant as well as their tentative protein precursors. Peptide formation in this case seems somewhat less intensive and on the average the peptides are longer than in animal samples. We consider this result as a proof of peptidome formation in plants. Still peptidomics of plants is apparently in its embryonic state and more results are expected in the near future. Procaryotes are not yet studied for generation of peptide pools. 

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