Roughness indices

There are several roughness indices, all based on specific profilers, measuring different ranges of wavelengths. Hence, each of them has a different correlation with highway user response. 

Other roughness indices have also been introduced, such as moving average, power spectral density, half roughness index. Mays response meter, root-mean-square acceleration, root-mean-square vertical acceleration, Texas MO and Brazil Ql, to name a few (Sayers and Karamihas 1996). 

However, the unique, internationally recognised roughness indicator is the IRI. 

The RN is a profile index intended to indicate rideability on scale similar to PSI and was developed when IRI was not well known (Sayers and Karamihas 1996). 

In particular, RN is the rideability index of a pavement using a scale of 0 to 5, with 5 being perfect and 0 being impassable, and a rideability index is an index derived from controlled measurements of longitudinal profile in the wheel tracks and correlated with panel ratings of rideability (ASTM E 867 2012). 

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BMC is a function of gravity and midpoint temperature. To achieve a BMCI of 120, the DO s API gravity should not exceed 2.0. API gravity is a rough indication of aromaticity the lower the gravity, the higher the aromaticity. 

In summary, the MI is an indicator of the average molecular weight (MW) of a plastic and is also a rough indicator of processability. Low MW materials have high Mis and are easy to process. High MW materials have low Mis and are more difficult to process, as they have more resistance to flow, but they are processable. End-use physical properties... 

A rough indication of the relative importance of different mechanisms of uptake and loss is given by a scoring system on the scale -t-> Within each category of organ-... 

Fig. 5.15 Schematic representation of the normal modes of the Fe(ni)-azide complex with the largest iron composition factors. The individual displacements of the Fe nucleus are depicted by a blue arrow. All vibrations except for V4 are characterized by a significant involvement of bond stretching and bending coordinates (red arrows and archlines), hi such a case, the length of the arrows and archlines roughly indicate the relative amplitude of bond stretching and bending, respectively. Internal coordinates vibrating in antiphase are denoted by inward and outward arrows respectively (taken from [63])...

The average volatilities will be taken as those estimated in Example 11.5. Normally, the volatilities are estimated at the feed bubble point, which gives a rough indication of the average column temperatures. The dew point of the tops and bubble point of the bottoms can be calculated once the component distributions have been estimated, and the calculations repeated with a new estimate of the average relative volatilities, as necessary. 

A volumetric flask is a precision piece of glassware with a single calibration line in a narrow neck An Erlenmeyer is not a precision piece of glassware and has graduation lines on it only as a rough indication of volume. 

Figure 5.9. Lanthanide and actinide chemical properties. A scheme is shown of the oxidation states they present in their various classes of compounds. A rough indication of a greater frequency and a higher relative stability of each state is given by the darker blackening of each box. Notice the overwhelming presence of oxidation state 3, in the lanthanides and heavy actinides, oxidation state 2 in Eu andYb and of several higher oxidation states in U and nearby elements.

Thus, to very roughly indicate the cost of operation of this process, neglecting all depreciation, eta, it may be said that, on a plant of the size mentioned above, unit volume of blue water gas yields 4 volume of hydrogen of about 97 per cent, purity, or, on the basis of a coke consumption of 35 lb. per 1000 cubic feet of water gas, the hydrogen yield is 25,500 cubic feet per ton of coke. 

When a flow sensor is installed for accurate accounting measurements of the absolute flow rate, many precautions must be taken, such as providing a long section of straight pipe before the orifice plate. For control purposes, however, one may not need to know the absolute value of the flow but only the changes in flow rate. Therefore pressure drops over pieces of equipment, around elbows or over sections of pipe can sometimes be used to get a rough indication of flow rate changes. 

The same mRNA molecule can be read many times, so that further initiations can begin before the whole mRNA has been translated. Therefore, several ribosomes (small and large) may be attached to a single mRNA molecule to form a polysome. The number of polysomes in a cell is sometimes used as a rough indication of the extent of peptide synthesis in that cell. 

Tab. 2.4 The proportion of HAMs and LAMs that are leadlike and R05 compliant. The Hi/Lo ratio is obtained by dividing HAMs to LAMs and can be seen as a rough indicator of the probability of finding high-activity molecules in the chemical property space defined by leadlike and R05 criteria, respectively...

Therapy in those with ectopic erythropoietin production depends upon correcting the hormone level by removing whatever tissue is responsible for its production and examples include nephrectomy for renal carcinoma or the classical, albeit rare, cerebellar haemangioblastoma. Where metastases have occurred appropriate cytotoxic chemotherapy is needed and response in haematocrit becomes a rough indicator of the success with which the tumour is responding to therapy. In some individuals venesections are necessary to control the raised haemoglobin. 

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