Empirical tests

Mechanical Properties. Mechanical properties (4,6,55) are important for a number of steps in coal preparation from mining through handling, cmshing, and grinding. The properties include elasticity and strength as measured by standard laboratory tests and empirical tests for grindabiUty and friabihty, and indirect measurements based on particle size distributions. 

To allow for the effect of roughness one can use the results of empirical tests in ducts that have been artificially roughened with particles glued on the surface. This approach allows roughness levels to be determined as a function of the particle diameter k. The following friction factor equation has been derived for large Reynolds numbers ... 

These are empirical tests tiiat measure tiie lowest temperatme at wliich application of a test flame causes tiie vapor overlying tiie sample to ignite. Table 7.2.2 shows tiie flash points of selected substances. 

Materials, such as activated carbons, that are derived from natural products differ greatly in their effectiveness when used as catalyst supports, but it is difficult to delimit the factors present in the carbon that influence performance, Certain broad statements, such as that carbons with excessive sulfur or ash content tend to make inferior catalysts, only begin to touch on the problem. One of the advantages of buying commercial catalysts, instead of using laboratory preparations, is that commercial suppliers have solved this problem already by empirical testing of many carbons. They provide catalysts that are best by test. 

It is shown by empirical tests that the radial distribution function given by a sum of Fourier terms corresponding to the rings observed on an electron diffraction photograph of gas molecules... 

Cornett RJ, Rigler FH (1980) The areal hypolimnetic oxygen deficit an empirical test of the model. Limnol Oceanogr 25 672-679... 

This empirical test is based on the so-called Scree-plot which represents the residual variance as a function of the number of eigenvectors that have been extracted [42]. The residual variance V of the r -th eigenvector is defined by ... 

Consent Yield Externally Valid Results - an Empirical-Test , Psychopharmacology no, no. 4 (1993) 437-42... 

A company usually sets product standards in such a way as to minimize the purification expenses. These standards are often empirical tests to ensure that the buyer will get the same product in each shipment. Examples would be the melt index of a polymer, the boiling-point range of the product, and the maximum amount of certain impurities. Another manufacturer using a different process would want to set different standards. His method of production will be different, and so the amount and kind of impurities will be different. Sometimes this means expensive purification steps must be installed to meet the specifications set by the initial manufacturer. If this competitor could have been the initial standard-setter then these steps would not be necessaiy. 

Only empirical tests have so far been carried out, however [76]. In a detailed but small-scale study, various options were examined for the sequence (i) oxidative treatment (ii) protease treatment (iii) application of softener, including exhaust or pad application [133]. 

Whereas molecular design is a strategy applicable to the chemical level of epitope-paratope interactions, it cannot be used for optimizing the many cellular interactions required for achieving an immune response that leads to infectivity neutralization of a pathogen. As a result, the future development of vaccines will continue to rely more on the empirical testing of the protection afforded by candidate vaccine preparations than on the rational design of biomolecules defined in a reductionist manner by their chemical structure. 

An empirical test of this possibility was performed by computing values of the variance of the two terms in equation 44-77. The Normal random number generator of MATLAB was used to create multiple values of Normally distributed random numbers for Er and Es these were plugged into the two expressions of equation 44-77 and the variance computed. Values between 100 and 106 were used in each computation of the variance. 

On the other hand, a direct observational proof in support of the AML scenario is not possible, since old stars in M 67 have by now converged to rather low rotational rates and we do not have information on the original rotational velocities. Nevertheless, support (or lack thereof) to the scenario of Li depletion due to AML can be found using at least two different empirical tests namely, i) additional observations of Li in large samples of old cluster stars ii) measurements of Be. 

Some empirical testing regimes, particularly those used to test the suitability of flour for products other than bread, have come about because of a need for a rapid test to show that a flour would work in a specific plant. Some cases require a test that can distinguish between flours that have a similar analysis but where only some of the flours would be satisfactory. 

Empirical tests are chosen by end-users because they have been shown to produce useful information. Some empirical tests have been elevated to the status of standard tests. Others remain in use by their inventors. 

EMPIRICAL TESTING REGIMES 5.2.1 The Hagberg Falling Number... 

Wright L.B., Schaaf van der T.W., 2003. Accident versus near miss causation a critical review of the literature, an empirical test in the UK railway domain, and their implications for other Sections, ESReDA Seminar on Safety Investigation of Accidents, Petten. 

Empirical Tests of Defense Theories in Marine Studies... 

Greenberg M, Anderson R, Keene J, et al. 1982. Empirical test of the association between gross contamination of wells with toxic substances and surrounding land use. Environ Sci Technol 16(1) 14-19. 

This chapter has provided a concise introduction to the design of antifouling paints. It has been shown how the paint development is driven by both empirical testing and formulation and advanced simulation tools. The research... 

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