Other portable devices

Other portable-push devices were developed for skid resistance measurements in areas with certain restrictions, such as road markings, or in general where the skid resistance measurements with mobile devices are not possible. 

In both cases, the measurements are taken at walking speed as the user pushes the device on the pavement surface. 

The T2GO device takes measurements with a 20% fixed slip ratio. Similarly, the VTI device, works on the fixed slip ratio principal. 

More information is provided in ASFT Industries AB (2014), Bergstrom et al. (2003) and Wallman and Astrom (2001). 

The DFT consists of a horizontal spinning disk fitted with three spring-loaded rubber sliders that contact the surface. A water supply unit delivers water to the surface being tested. The torque generated by the slider forces measured during the spin down is used to calculate 

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The Leclanche cell (also known as the dry cell) is frequently used to power flashlights, watches, calculators, and a number of other portable devices. Despite the name dry cell, this battery does contain an electrolyte solution but only in the form of dense paste. There are two versions of this cell, the acid version and the alkaline version. 

Technical progress as well as investments in PEMFCs for transportation, stationary, portable, and micro fuel cell applications has been dramatic in recent years. The present view is ophmistic for fuel cell power generation the status is presently at the field trial level, or early commercialization stage, moving into volume commercialization. Although commercially viable, niche PEMFC applicahons exist today, the first commercial mass markets for fuel cells are expected to be for handheld electronic devices, PCs, and other portable devices. 

If you have a WAP-enabled phone, then you are able to access the wireless Internet. This version of the Internet, is specifically designed to be easily usable on cellular phones and other portable devices. Even if your phone is not W P-enabled, you nuy still be able to send e-maiL Any phone that has SMS (short messaging service) csqpability, is able to send short text messages to Internet e-mail addresses, provided you purdhase this service from your access provider. 

Other portable devices containing potentially hazardous amounts of radioactive material are also used in oil exploration, mining, and construction. These portable devices are often stolen because they appear to be valuable construction equipment or are in or attached to a truck being stolen. In some instances, thieves have removed and discarded the sources from the device (shielding) in public places. In some cases, prompt action by public officials to alert the public (and thus the thieves) of the hazard has resulted in the thieves telling officials where to find the sources. In at least two cases, the highly publicized arrival of national-level monitoring teams and aircraft to look for the sources convinced the thieves to return the sources and seek medical treatment. 

The importance of batteries has been further augmented because of their use in power tools and a variety of other portable devices including those used in telemedicine and tele-learning and in other needs of instant communication. And finally, the drive to replace fossil fuel based cars, buses, etc. by hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles has pushed the crucial role of these batteries to the societal forefront where the conjuncture of energy and environmental issues is the most vital concern. 

Subcategory A encompasses the manufacture of all batteries in which cadmium is the reactive anode material. Cadmium anode batteries currently manufactured are based on nickel-cadmium, silver-cadmium, and mercury-cadmium couples (Table 32.1). The manufacture of cadmium anode batteries uses various raw materials, which comprises cadmium or cadmium salts (mainly nitrates and oxides) to produce cell cathodes nickel powder and either nickel or nickel-plated steel screen to make the electrode support structures nylon and polypropylene, for use in manufacturing the cell separators and either sodium or potassium hydroxide, for use as process chemicals and as the cell electrolyte. Cobalt salts may be added to some electrodes. Batteries of this subcategory are predominantly rechargeable and find application in calculators, cell phones, laptops, and other portable electronic devices, in addition to a variety of industrial applications.1-4 A typical example is the nickel-cadmium battery described below. 

Fuel cells can be used to power a variety of portable devices, from handheld electronics such as cell phones and radios to larger equipment such as portable generators. Other potential applications include laptop computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and handheld video cameras—almost any application that has traditionally used batteries. These fuel cells have the potential to last more than three times as long as batteries between refueling. 

A sensitive ELISA procedure was developed for the determination of TNT (221) and other nitroaromatic compounds. TNT can be detected within the range of 0.02-20 ng/L in water samples462. A simplified immunofiltration prepacked portable device for field screening tests of TNT in water and soil was also developed. A quantitative color response to concentrations of TNT in the range 1-30 ng/L in water and 50-1000 pg/g in soil was demonstrated463. 

Success in the battery market depends largely on four factors, noted in Figure 10. The market for batteries in Table 1 is directly related to the applications they serve, such as automobiles, cellular phones, notebook computers, and other portable electronic devices. The growth in any particular segment follows closely the introduction of new devices powered by batteries. The introduction of new materials with higher performance parameters gives the various designers freedom to incorporate new functionality in present products or to create new products to... 

A more recent use of nickel is in the manufacture of the rechargeable nickel-chrome electric cell. One of the electrodes in this type of cell (battery) is nickel (11) oxide (Ni + O — NiO). (Note When two or more cells are combined in an electrical circuit, they form a battery, but when just one is referred to, it is called a cell.) Although the electrical output of a Ni-Chrome cell is only 1.4 volts (as compared to 1.5 volts dry cells), Ni-Chrome has many uses in handheld instruments such as calculators, computers, electronic toys, and other portable electronic devices. 

The metal has very little commercial use. In elemental form it is a laser source, a portable x-ray source, and as a dopant in garnets. When added to stainless steel, it improves grain refinement, strength, and other properties. Some other applications, particularly in oxides mixed with other rare earths, are as carbon rods for industrial hghting, in titanate insulated capacitors, and as additives to glass. The radioactive isotope ytterbium-169 is used in portable devices to examine defects in thin steel and aluminum. The metal and its compounds are used in fundamental research. 

Grenades and other small devices. Small portable incendiary devices, such as hand grenades, are very valuable because they can easily set fire to flammable targets. These grenades can also be used for throwing into dug-outs and for destroying material abandoned in retreat, such as damaged planes... 

Cylindrical cells are widely used in devices such as automatic cameras, toys, headphone stereos, radios, liquid crystal TVs and other portable AV... 

Portable deposit/corrosion monitors are typically housed in an enclosure of perhaps 30 in. H x 20 in. W x 15 in. D. Components include inlet flow controller, strainer, adjustable electric heater, (outer) see-through glass housing, (inner) heated specimen tube or block, hot/cold temperature readout, corrosion rack, plus thermal overload, low-flow cut-off, and other safety devices. The specimen tubes or blocks are available in different metals (as are the corrosion coupons) and can usually be replaced in a matter of minutes. Unlike test heat exchangers, the cooling water in this type of monitor flows on the shell side of the specimen tube. 

With the widespread use of laptop computers, cellular telephones, and other portable electrical devices, the need for high energy density power sources has increased. In the past decade, two systems for these purposes have been commercialized nickel-metal hydride and lithium-ion batteries. For automotive applications, the interest in... 

Other current and potential portable DLC applications include two-way pagers, GSM-protocol cell phones, handheld GPS systems, PDA s, power tools, etc. [91]. As the demand for smaller portable devices increases, the flexibility, durability, and power of the DLC will help designers enhance products functionality while simultaneously decreasing their size. 

Yeats s criteria for the ideal sampling tool. They can be dedicated to individual monitoring wells to avoid cross-contamination between boreholes, they are portable, simple to use and relatively easy to clean. They are, however, not suitable for purging large volumes of water, and it can be difficult even with double-ended bailers to determine accurately where the sample was collected. Compared with other sampling devices, the operator is also more at risk of coming into contact with contaminated sample, especially when emptying the bailer (Fig. 3.1). 

In the consumer sector uses for primary nonaqueous batteries include button or coin cells for watches, calculators and other small devices with relatively low power requirements. Larger cylindrical and prismatic rechargeable consumer-oriented nonaqueous batteries are essentially all based on a Li or, most frequently, Li-ion negative electrode technology and are increasingly widely used in many portable electronic devices. 

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