Some Other Applications

Miscellaneous other uses of emission spectroscopy should be mentioned. The cement and glass industries use spectroscopic methods for quality control. The food and beverage industries monitor trace element concentrations during processing. Spectroscopy is used for forensic purposes, usually to help identify samples as to source or origin. Meteorite composition also has been studied by spectroscopic methods, as have lunar samples returned to earth by astronauts. Emission spectroscopy also has served as a research tool in chemistry and physics by providing composition information on research samples. 

The role of emission spectroscopy covers a broad spectrum of science and engineering and its uses are growing. New applications of emission spectroscopy will occur as new problems present themselves to be solved. 

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Many other acids, glycols and reactive monomers have been described in the literature but these remain of either minor or academic importance. In a number of cases this is simply because of the high cost of the chemical and a reduction in cost due to its widespread use in some other application could well lead to extensive use in polyester resins. 

WPG-PA carrying IgG has been also applied to the isolation of the rheumatoid factor from sera of rheumatoid arthritis patients [128]. Some other applications of WPG-PA are the following. 

This class of polyesters consists of four major commercial polymers and their copolymers, namely PET, PTT, PBT, and PEN (see Table 2.1). They compete for engineering thermoplastics, films, and fibers markets with other semicrystalline polymers, such as aliphatic polyamides, and for some other applications with amorphous engineering plastics such as polycarbonate. The syntheses of PET and PBT, detailed in numerous reviews and books,2-5 are described in Sections 23.2.2 and 2.3.2.1. 

The work of Sheehy concentrated on the enhancement of oil recovery from a reservoir using microorganisms, and led to the patent, Oil Recovery Using Microorganisms [24], The main idea was to use a biocide to selectively kill certain microorganisms and then induce the growth of others by carefully controlled nutritional conditions. This idea has potential for some other applications and could be extrapolated to in situ refining. 

A generalized oscillator-wave model is considered showing that the inhomogeneous external influence is realized naturally and does not require any specific conditions. The article considers also the presence of a small horseshoe in the dynamics of a particle under the action of two waves. Originally the problem comes from the plasma physics in despite of the existence of some other applications of the differential equation we study here. 

Usually, silicon polymers have extremely low Tgs owing to the highly flexible Si—0 linkages in the main chain. Their low Tg s are very advantageous for low-temperature applications, whereas some other applications are limited. One approach to raise the Tg of silicon polymers is the introduction of aromatic rings into the polymer backbone. 

The main market for P.R.14 is in the paint industry, but the pigment is also used in printing inks and in some other applications. 

Misch metal, an alloy of cerium with other lanthanides is a pyrophoric substance and is used to make gas lighters and ignition devices. Some other applications of the metal or its alloys are in solid state devices rocket propellant compositions as getter in vacuum tubes and as a diluent for plutonium in nuclear fuel. 

Neon is also used in scintillation counters, neutron fission counters, proportional counters, and ionization chambers for detection of charged particles. Its mixtures with bromine vapors or chlorine are used in Geiger tubes for counting nuclear particles. Helium-neon mixture is used in gas lasers. Some other applications of neon are in antifog devices, electrical current detectors, and lightning arrestors. The gas is also used in welding and preparative reactions. In preparative reactions it provides an inert atmosphere to shield the reaction from air contact. 

Potassium sulfate is used in fertilizers as a source of potassium and sulfur, both of which are essential elements for plant growth. Either in simple form or as a double salt with magnesium sulfate, potassium sulfate is one of the most widely consumed potassium salts in agricultural apphcations. It is preferred over potassium chloride for certain types of crops such as, tobacco, citrus, and other chloride—sensitive crops. Some other applications include making gypsum cements to make potassium alum in the analysis of Kjeldahl nitrogen and in medicine. 

The metal has very little commercial use. In elemental form it is a laser source, a portable x-ray source, and as a dopant in garnets. When added to stainless steel, it improves grain refinement, strength, and other properties. Some other applications, particularly in oxides mixed with other rare earths, are as carbon rods for industrial hghting, in titanate insulated capacitors, and as additives to glass. The radioactive isotope ytterbium-169 is used in portable devices to examine defects in thin steel and aluminum. The metal and its compounds are used in fundamental research. 

In 1996, PNL estimated that a 100-ton-per-day facility using 0.06/kWh of electricity would cost approximately 125 per ton. Wastes with some energy content can be processed at much lower costs. For example, ash with high carbon content may cost less than 50 per ton to process. There is also the possibility that the waste form produced could be sold as construction materials or for some other application to offset processing costs (D126034). 

Any material proposed for implantation, whether for cell transplantation or some other application, must be biocompatible i.e. it must not provoke an adverse response from the host s immune system. If this goal is not met the implant may be rejected. To this end it is important that the material be easily sterilized either by exposure to high temperatures, ethylene oxide vapor, or gamma radiation. A suitable material must therefore remain unaffected by one of these three techniques. However, biocompatibility is not simply a question of sterility. The chemistry, structure, and physical form of a material are all important factors which determine its biocompatibility. Although our understanding of the human immune system is advancing rapidly, it is not yet possible to predict the immune response to a new material. This can only be determined by in vivo experiments. 

As provided in the Botanical Guidance, clinical studies have been permitted for many botanical preparations prior to a complete set of conventional animal toxicity testing. The decisions were not difficult for submissions with substantial and well-documented history of past human use. But some other applicants had not presented an adequate summary of the past human experiences and had failed even to document well-known toxicity of the herbal ingredients. Between these two extremes, how to adjust the requirements of animal toxicity data and substitute that with large quantity but poor quality of human experiences is another big challenge to the regulatory agency in the review of botanical applications. 

Internal reflection spectroscopy is widely applied for on-line process control. In this type of application, the chemical reactor is equipped with an internal reflection probe or an IRE. The goal of this type of application is the quantification of reactant and/or product concentrations to provide real-time information about the conversion within the reactor. In comparison with other analytical methods such as gas chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and NMR spectroscopy, ATR spectroscopy is considerably faster and does not require withdrawal of sample, which can be detrimental for monitoring of labile compounds and for some other applications. 

Epoxide 15 can be reduced to the hydroxymethyl derivative 16 or elaborated to the azido aldehyde 17. Some other applications to the synthesis of other types of branched-... 

Some other applications of technetium are the following [283] use of some of its alloys as superconductors with high critical temperature, use of 99Tc in high-temperature thermocouples, construction of basic anticorrosive covers for nuclear reactors, etc. 

Although many areas of nanotechnology do not directly deal with colloidal dispersions (such as nanoelectronic devices [952]) other areas do, such as the use of colloidal ink dispersions in robocasting to build near-nanometre scale three-dimensional structures. The possible use of nanoemulsions for intravenous delivery and in medical diagnostics has already been mentioned in Sections 14.4 and 14.5. Some other application areas include ... 

The existence of26 Al in cosmic rays allows some other applications of natural interest. 

The basic approach regarding how adsorption at solid surfaces affects different aspects of pharmaceutical development, especially for solid dosage forms, is briefly reviewed. The three broad fields addressed are general pharmaceutical processing, dissolution rate enhancement for poorly water-soluble compounds, and some other applications using adsorption at solid surfaces. Case studies are introduced to aid in understanding the applications and/or principles involved. 

Existing Chemical Excipient—First Use in Man Implies that animal safety data exist since data may have been used in some other application. Additional safety information may have to be gathered to justify its use in humans. 

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