Versions of ACID

In some cases, another version of acid catalysis was used aqueous or alcoholic ammonia was added to a suspension of 2-benzopyryIium salt in alcohol, and after a few seconds, an excess of acetic acid was added to the mixture which was then heated to boiling. After chilling, isoquinolines 138 were obtained in good yield as free bases or salts. If the carbonyl group in intermediates 136 is electrophilic enough, and the hydrogen atom in position 4 is sufficiently mobile, the conversion of 2-benzopyrylium salts to isoquinolines occurs easily without acidic catalysis, for instance, in the case when this intermediate is 145 (75KGS25). 

Sonic Foundry has released a number of different versions of ACID, from a free version that may be included on a CD-ROM that came with a new computer or another piece of hardware up to an expensive professional version. As you might expect, you get what you pay for. 

ACID Music is the base level of application that this book covers. If you are even mildly serious about producing quality music, there is no question that you need to own at least this version of ACID. Full-featured and powerful, ACID Music is reasonably priced to fit the budget of the interested amateur musician and composer, yet it can still produce professional level output ACID Music also comes with a CD of basic loops. 

ACID Pro is the high-end version of ACID that is appropriate for studios, professionals, and prosumers. As with other versions, stepping up to this version when you are ready is a simple matter. Uncompromising quality and the technical tools you need to get the job done make this an awesome addition to any multimedia professional s audio rack. ACID Pro also comes with a CD of basic loops and includes an extensive set of audio effects plug-ins. 

While ACID Pro comes with all of the plug-ins discussed in this chapter, not all versions of ACID do. See the Sonic Foundry Web site for more information about your version and the availability of upgrades and additional plug-in packages. 

There are a number of different versions of ACID available from Sonic Foundry, from free promotional versions to inexpensive Style versions to the Pro version (see the Introduction). Not all versions have all of the FX, although the Pro version comes with the works. 

All Track FX are included in all but the XPress (promotional) version of ACID. These basic effects are some of the most important and fundamental filters that you need when sweetening and cleaning np a mix. Although they are optimized for the track level, there is no reason these FX cannot be nsed at the bus or project level. All three Track FX plug-ins have XFX counterparts. Track FX are specifically discussed at the end of the previous chapter. 

XPressFX are all simplified versions of the professional XFX plug-ins from Sonic Foundry and are not included with ACID Pro. These FX are certainly capable and more than adequate for many operations. If you have purchased a version of ACID that does not include the full set of XFX plug-ins, XPressFX are an economical alternative to purchasing more expensive plug-ins. XPressFX are listed following the corresponding XFX in the pages that follow. 

The element is not found free in nature, but occurs as orthoboric acid usually found in certain volcanic spring waters and as borates in boron and colemantie. Ulexite, another boron mineral, is interesting as it is nature s own version of "fiber optics."... 

Chemistry at Harvard macromolecular mechanics (CHARMM) is the name of both a force field and a program incorporating that force field. The academic version of this program is designated CHARMM and the commercial version is called CHARMm. It was originally devised for proteins and nucleic acids. It has... 

The acylpalladium complex formed from acyl halides undergoes intramolecular alkene insertion. 2,5-Hexadienoyl chloride (894) is converted into phenol in its attempted Rosenmund reduction[759]. The reaction is explained by the oxidative addition, intramolecular alkene insertion to generate 895, and / -elimination. Chloroformate will be a useful compound for the preparation of a, /3-unsaturated esters if its oxidative addition and alkene insertion are possible. An intramolecular version is known, namely homoallylic chloroformates are converted into a-methylene-7-butyrolactones in moderate yields[760]. As another example, the homoallylic chloroformamide 896 is converted into the q-methylene- -butyrolactams 897 and 898[761]. An intermolecular version of alkene insertion into acyl chlorides is known only with bridgehead acid chlorides. Adamantanecarbonyl chloride (899) reacts with acrylonitrile to give the unsaturated ketone 900[762],... 

Another version of the o-aminobenzyl anion synthon is obtained by dilithi-ation of A-f-Boc-protected o-alkylanilines. These intermediates are C-acylated by DMF or A"-methoxy-At-melhyl carboxamides, leading to either 3- or 2,3-disubstituted indoles. In this procedure dehydration is not spontaneous but occurs on brief exposure of the cyelization product to acid[4]. Use of CO as the electrophile generates oxindoles. 

Esters of dicarboxylic acids undergo an intramolecular version of the Claisen condensa tion when a five or six membered ring can be formed... 

Older versions of the lUPAC rules called the unbranched carboxylic acid with 20 car bon atoms e/cosano/c aad Consequently icosanoids are often referred to as eicosanoids... 

Memfield successfully automated all the steps m solid phase peptide synthesis and computer controlled equipment is now commercially available to perform this synthesis Using an early version of his peptide synthesizer m collaboration with coworker Bemd Gutte Memfield reported the synthesis of the enzyme ribonuclease m 1969 It took them only SIX weeks to perform the 369 reactions and 11 391 steps necessary to assemble the sequence of 124 ammo acids of ribonuclease... 

Photooxidation of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and hexafluoropropylene (HEP) yield peroxides that can be decomposed to esters and ultimately long-chain ether-containing carboxyUc acids. Equation 6 shows a simplified version of what occurs during photooxidation and workup (TFE R = F,... 

A one-step LPO of cyclohexane directly to adipic acid (qv) has received a lot of attention (233—238) but has not been implemented on a large scale. The various versions of this process use a high concentration cobalt catalyst in acetic acid solvent and a promoter (acetaldehyde, methyl ethyl ketone, water). 

Industrially, polyurethane flexible foam manufacturers combine a version of the carbamate-forming reaction and the amine—isocyanate reaction to provide both density reduction and elastic modulus increases. The overall scheme involves the reaction of one mole of water with one mole of isocyanate to produce a carbamic acid intermediate. The carbamic acid intermediate spontaneously loses carbon dioxide to yield a primary amine which reacts with a second mole of isocyanate to yield a substituted urea. 

RhcJ)ne-Poulenc (France) developed a modified version of the process for making either oxaUc acid or lactic acid, or both, from propylene. In 1978, 65,000 t/yr of oxahc acid was produced worldwide by this process, although in the 1990s this process is operated only by RhcJ)ne-Poulenc. Oxidation reactions of the RhcJ)ne-Poulenc process are as follows. 

Initial production of the dimethyl terephthalate started with the oxidation of -xylene to terephthaUc acid using nitric acid both companies reportedly used similar technology (43—45). Versions of the nitric acid oxidation process, which has been abandoned commercially, involved the use of air in the initial oxidation step to reduce the consumption of nitric acid (44,46,47). The terephthaUc acid was then esterified with methanol to produce dimethyl terephthalate, which could be purified by distillation to the necessary degree (48). 

An improved version of the amine hydrolysis process involves catalytic hydrogenation of 1,3,5-triaitrobenzene or 2,4,6-triaitrobenzoic acid in acetone solvent (138). Acid hydrolysis of 2,4,6-triaminobenzoic acid has been improved by addition of copper catalyst and gives phlorogluciaol in 80% yield (139). 

In addition to copolymerisation, polyethylenes terrninated as ketones, alcohols, and carboxyHc acids with molecular weights as high as 700 daltons are now available. The products offer the same chemical functionaHty as common fatty alcohols and acids, but are higher melting and harder. Similar to the fatty alcohols and acids, derivatives such as ethoxylates, esters, and amides also are available as higher melting versions of the fatty derivatives. 

Snia Viscosa. Catalytic air oxidation of toluene gives benzoic acid (qv) in ca 90% yield. The benzoic acid is hydrogenated over a palladium catalyst to cyclohexanecarboxyhc acid [98-89-5]. This is converted directiy to cmde caprolactam by nitrosation with nitrosylsulfuric acid, which is produced by conventional absorption of NO in oleum. Normally, the reaction mass is neutralized with ammonia to form 4 kg ammonium sulfate per kilogram of caprolactam (16). In a no-sulfate version of the process, the reaction mass is diluted with water and is extracted with an alkylphenol solvent. The aqueous phase is decomposed by thermal means for recovery of sulfur dioxide, which is recycled (17). The basic process chemistry is as follows ... 

To date, a number of simulation studies have been performed on nucleic acids and proteins using both AMBER and CHARMM. A direct comparison of crystal simulations of bovine pancreatic trypsin inliibitor show that the two force fields behave similarly, although differences in solvent-protein interactions are evident [24]. Side-by-side tests have also been performed on a DNA duplex, showing both force fields to be in reasonable agreement with experiment although significant, and different, problems were evident in both cases [25]. It should be noted that as of the writing of this chapter revised versions of both the AMBER and CHARMM nucleic acid force fields had become available. Several simulations of membranes have been performed with the CHARMM force field for both saturated [26] and unsaturated [27] lipids. The availability of both protein and nucleic acid parameters in AMBER and CHARMM allows for protein-nucleic acid complexes to be studied with both force fields (see Chapter 20), whereas protein-lipid (see Chapter 21) and DNA-lipid simulations can also be performed with CHARMM. 

A calculation of tunneling splitting in formic acid dimer has been undertaken by Makri and Miller [1989] for a model two-dimensional polynomial potential with antisymmetric coupling. The semiclassical approximation exploiting a version of the sudden approximation has given A = 0.9cm" while the numerically exact result is 1.8cm" Since this comparison was the main goal pursued by this model calculation, the asymmetry caused by the crystalline environment has not been taken into account. 

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