Torque generation

Increased creatine and PCr concentrations have been achieved by giving creatine orally. The creatine dose used was 20 g daily for 4—5 days, administered in repeated 5 g doses. Muscle creatine increased by 20-40% above the preadministration content and the PCr increased by 8-15% (Harris et al., 1992). Torque generation by the knee extensor muscles was measured during five repeated bouts of 30 isokinetic MVCs, with 2 min rest periods between bouts. The exercise protocol was performed four times, before and after placebo or creatine supplementation. The total peak torque production increased significantly in all five bouts of maximal... 

Rotating cylinder viscometers consist of two concentric cylinders, corresponding to the bob and the crucible, one cylinder of which is rotated at a constant speed. The viscosity is determined from measurement of the torque generated. A schematic drawing is shown in Fig. 25. This method is most popular for measuring viscosity at high temperatures and is suitable for melts with high viscosity. The viscosity is calculated from... 

In a series of papers, we have proposed the torsional mechanism of energy transduction and ATP synthesis, the only unified and detailed molecular mechanism of ATP synthesis to date [16-20,56] which addresses the issues of ion translocation in Fq [16, 20, 56], ionmotive torque generation in Fq [16, 20, 56], torque transmission from Fq to Fj [17,18], energy storage in the enzyme [17], conformational changes in Fj [18], and the catalytic cycle of ATP synthesis [18, 19]. We have also studied the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of ATP synthesis [19,20,41,42,56]. A kinetic scheme has been developed and mathematically analyzed to obtain a kinetic model relating the rate of ATP synthesis to pHjn and pH m in the Fq portion and the adenine nucleotide concentrations in the Fj portion of ATP synthase. Analysis of these kinetic models reveals a wealth of mechanistic details such as the absence of cooperativity in the Fj portion of ATP synthase, order of substrate binding and product release events, and kinetic inequivalence of ApH and Aip. 

Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of the ApH - Aip two mutually non-colinear half-channel model for torque generation by the Fq portion of ATP synthase forming a part of the torsional mechanism of energy transduction and ATP synthesis [16-20,56]...

Torque generation is a result of a change in electrostatic potential brought about by the ion gradients. 

The torque generated by the anisotropy of the upper-state potential energy surface, i.e., the so-called exit channel dynamics. 

One final problem encountered with stirring was related to the strength of the aluminum fan. The adapter on the aluminum fan was not sufficient to withstand the reaction torque generated by the density of the SCF and subsequently allowed the fan to spin on the adapter and deform the fan blades. The aluminum fan was removed and a three-blade polished stainless steel mixing propeller was procured. The magnetic drive assembly was removed and the shaft... 

W.S. Ryu, R.M. Berry, and H.C. Berg. 2000. Torque-generating units of the flagellar motor of Escherichia coli have a high duty ratio Nature 403 444-447. (PubMedl... 

Table II. Torque-Generation Data Obtained During Brabender Mixing of Resins IV and V ...

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