Other Commercial Applications

FIGURE 28.7 Shrinkage curve of improved PLA film by polymer blend. 

TABLE 28.7 Properties of Biaxially Oriented PLA Blend Film 

Unoriented PLA sheet is excellent for thermoforming shallow and deep drawn containers. Because the heat deflection temperature of PLA sheet is about 10-15 0 lower than that of amorphous PET, it cannot be used for microwave containers. 

---

As a pharmaceutical, methyl salicylate is used in liniments and ointments for the relief of pain and for rheumatic conditions. As a flavor and fragrance agent, it is used in confectioneries, dentifrices, cosmetics, and perfumes. Other commercial applications for methyl salicylate are as a dye carrier, as a uv-light stabilizer in acrylic resins, and as a chemical intermediate. The May 1996 price was 5.50/kg (18). 

Cation-exchange resins are used as catalysts in the produdion of MTBE (methyl tertiary-butyl ether, 2-methoxy-2-methylpropane) and various other oxygenates and, lately, also in the dimerization of isobutene [30]. Other commercial applications of the cation-exchange resins indude dehydration of alcohols, alkylation of phenols, condensation readions, alkene hydration, purification of phenol, ester hydrolysis and other reactions [31]. The major producers of ion-exchange resins are Sybron Chemicals Incorporated [32] (Lewatit resins), Dow Chemical Company [33] (DOWEX resins), Purolite [28] (Purolite resins), and Rohm and Haas Company [27] (Amberlyst resins). 

One of the applications for hydrogen is for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) fuel cells. As mentioned earlier, one application is a hydrogen fuelled hybrid fuel cell / ultra-capacitor transit bus program where significant energy efficiencies can be demonstrated. Another commercial application is for fuel cell powered forklifts and other such fleet applications that requires mobile electrical power with the additional environmental benefits this system provides. Other commercial applications being developed by Canadian industry is for remote back-up power such as the telecommunications industry and for portable fuel cell systems. 

Wet System Compression Molding. Wet system compression molding was the first high volume method for manufacturing reinforced plastic parts, in such applications as the Chevrolet Corvette, industrial trays, tote boxes, luggage, refrigerator liners, and other commercial applications. 

In removing excess free chlorine from municipal or industrial water and from wastewater, sodium sulfite competes with bisulfite or sulfur dioxide. Other commercial applications of sodium sulfite in wastewater treatment include the reduction of hexavalent chromium to the less toxic Cr3+ salts as well as the precipitation of silver and mercury. 

Trickle-bed reactors usually consist of a fixed bed of catalyst particles, contacted by a gas liquid two-phase flow, with co-current downflow as the most common mode of operation. Such reactors are particularly important in the petroleum industry, where they are used primarily for hydrocracking, hydrodesulfurization, and hydrodenitrogenation other commercial applications are found in the petrochemical industry, involving mainly hydrogenation and oxidation of organic compounds. Two important quantities used to characterize a trickle-bed reactor are... 

Commercial applications have been identified primarily in the electronics industry where requirements for dimensional stability, mechanical properties, and high temperature resistance make these systems attractive in advanced circuit board technology. Other commercial applications include high temperature membranes and filters where these materials offer performance improvements over glass, Kevlar, and graphite composites. Industrial development of these types of materials will most likely be dependent on monomer cost and advances in various product properties requirements. 

The design of the first commercial modules has allowed the commercial application of membrane contactors for some specific operations. This is the case of the Membrana-Charlotte Company (USA) that developed the LiquiCel modules, equipped with polypropylene hollow fibers, for the water deoxygenation for the semiconductor industry. LiquiCel modules have been also applied to the bubble-free carbonation of Pepsi, in the bottling plant of West Virginia [18], and to the concentrations of fruit and vegetable juices in an osmotic distillation pilot plant at Melbourne [19]. Other commercial applications of LiquiCel are the dissolved-gases removal from water, the decarbonation and nitrogenation in breweries, and the ammonia removal from wastewater [20]. 

The exact order of the production steps may vary widely in addition, some parts of the process may also vary. Metal formate removal may occur immediately after the reaction (62) following formaldehyde and water removal, or by separation from the mother liquor of the first-stage crystallization (63). The metal formate may be recovered to hydroxide and/or formic acid by ion exchange or used as is for deicing or other commercial applications. Similarly, crystallization may include sophisticated techniques such as multistage fractional crystallization, which allows a wider choice of composition of the final product(s) (64,65). 

Other commercial applications are found in the food industry, where lyases already have a long history of safe use. In these applications, isolated enzymes are preferred for safety reasons. Well-known examples include lyases that degrade polysaccharides, such as pectin (pectin lyases), alginate (alginate... 

Second generation. Systems with reduced or no molding shrinkage developed for automotive and other commercial applications Polyvinyl acetates Polymethylmethacrylate and copolymers Polyvinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers Styrene-butadine copol5uners Cellulose acetate but5rate Modified polyvinyl acetates... 

Pollutants List is solely for research purposes. Currently, only a few of the PAHs generated during petroleum processing are used as raw material for other commercial applications. These include naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, acenaphthene, fluorene, fluoranthene, and pyrene, with naphthalene and anthracene being the only two with large-scale commercial applications. 

Although this program did not extend beyond fundamental research, it established the future direction for continuing FGM research worldwide. The FGM concept has been applied by several industries to a variety of products. To date, high performance cutting tools of TiCN/WC/Co, Ni FGM [4] and shaving blades of Al-Fe intermetallics/stainless steel FGM [5] have been commercialized. However, other commercial applications are still limited. 

The power of directed evolution is now well documented. These methods are robust and are able to improve industrial enzymes in reasonably short times. The first laboratory-evolved enzymes are now used commercially in laundry detergents12011 other commercial applications are on the horizon. Directed evolution may well help move biocatalysis from an enabling tool to a lowest cost approach . It also offers new opportunities to engineer multi-enzyme pathways and even whole microbes [69- 224> 2251, which will lead to straightforward single-pot, multi-enzyme bioconversions and new fermentation processes based on green resources such as glucose or inexpensive waste materials. 

Sodium was made from amalgam in Germany during World War II (68). The only other commercial application appears to be the Tekkosha process (74—76). In this method, preheated amalgam from a chlor—alkali cell is supplied as anode to a second cell operating at 220—240°C. This cell has an electrolyte of fused sodium hydroxide, sodium iodide, and sodium cyanide and an iron cathode. Operating conditions are given in Table 6. 

Until the middle of the nineteenth century the dyes used in textiles and other commercial applications had their origins in plant and animal matter. Indeed,... 

Electrically conductive adhesives are being used to interconnect flip-chip devices in smart cards resulting in thinner and smaller structures. Flip-chip silicon devices that have been thinned to several mils may be connected to a substrate with silver-filled paste epoxy or with anisotropic film adhesive instead of solder, then embedded and laminated to form a card that is less than 40-mils thick. Requirements for adhesives used in smart cards, in many respects, are more severe than those for other commercial applications. Besides having to withstand high humidity and temperature extremes, smart cards must take the continued abuse of human handling, repeated bending, exposure to human sweat and salt residues, and exposure to ultraviolet radiation from sunlight. 

In the millisecond range, say from 25—1000 msec, the delay action provides for effective blasting in quarries, salt mines, and numerous other commercial applications of explosive charges. Staggering the explosions in series of boreholes reduces vibration and improves fragmentation. It has special advantages in grade construction work. ... 

ObucM, S. and Ogawa, S. (2010) Packing tmd other commercial applications, in Poly(Lactic Acid) Synthesis, Structures, Properties, Processing, and Applications (Wiley Series on Polymer Engineering and Technology) (eds R. Auras, L.-T. lim, S.E.M. Selke tmd H. Tsuji), John Wiley Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, pp. 457- 67. 

Membrane gas separation for air dehydration (AD) differs from other commercial applications in several ways. First, the component to be removed (water) possesses a permeability that may be more than three orders of magnitude greater than the other components in the feed (oxygen and nitrogen). Second, the feed concentration is small, less than 1% on a molar basis. Third, the product concentration may be two orders of magnitude less than the feed concentration. 

---