Ordinary definition

The diffusion flux is proportional to Si grad p, in order to bring the resulting expression in line with the ordinary definition of the diffusion coefficient D relating to the isothermic case, we write for a planar flame... 

If we ignored the fact that these 30 observations are not independent of each other, but are actually 10 groups, each group being 3 observations, we should calculate the variance from its ordinary definition which corresponds to terms (1) — (3) in that section divided by the total degrees of freedom, i.e. 203.87/29 = 7.030, and the standard deviation of the individual observations would be 2.65, and the standard deviation of the mean would be 2.65/ = 0.484. 

A second obvious problem with the ordinary definition of adiabatic reactions is the vagueness of the term product. If the product is what is actually isolated from a reaction flask at the end, few reactions are adiabatic. (Cf. Example 6.7.) If the product Is the first thermally equilibrated species that could in principle be isolated at sufficiently low temperature, many more can be considered adiabatic. A triplet Norrish II reaction is diabatic if an enol and an olefin are considered as products. It would have to be considered adiabatic, however, if the triplet 1,4-biradical, which might easily be observed, were considered the primary photochemical product. (See Section 7.3.2.)... 

Lord Kelvin was the first to define the thermodynamic temperature scale, named in his honor, from the properties of reversible engines. If we choose the same size of the degree for both the Kelvin scale and the ideal gas scale, and adjust the proportionality constant a in Eq. (8.16) to conform to the ordinary definition of one mole of an ideal gas, then the... 

It should be noted here that the definition of the phenomenological coefficients is slightly different from customary ones such as the ordinary definition of thermal conductivity, which is different from by the factor T. This difference is not essential as long as the fluctuation of temperature in the s retem is not too large. However, this definition of the coefficient is essential in the derivation of the variational principle for continuous systems. 

The basic condition of the Standard application - the availability of stable coupled probabilistic or the multiple probabilistic relations between then controlled quality indexes and magnetic characteristics of steel. All the probabilistic estimates, used in the Standard, are applied at confidence level not less than 0,95. General requirements to the means of control and procedure of its performance are also stipulated. Engineers of standard development endeavoured take into consideration the existed practice of technical control performance and test at the enterprises that is why the preparation of object control for the performance of nondestructive test can be done during the process of ordinary acceptance test. It is suggested that every enterprise is operated in correspondence with direct and non-destructive tests, obtained exactly at it, for detailed process chart and definite product type, however the tests have long since been performed after development of the Standard displayed that process gives way to unification. 

It was made clear in Chapter II that the surface tension is a definite and accurately measurable property of the interface between two liquid phases. Moreover, its value is very rapidly established in pure substances of ordinary viscosity dynamic methods indicate that a normal surface tension is established within a millisecond and probably sooner [1], In this chapter it is thus appropriate to discuss the thermodynamic basis for surface tension and to develop equations for the surface tension of single- and multiple-component systems. We begin with thermodynamics and structure of single-component interfaces and expand our discussion to solutions in Sections III-4 and III-5. 

An acid was once defined simply as a substance which produces hydrogen ions, or protons. However, the simple proton, H , is never found under ordinary conditions, and this definition required amendment. Bronsted and, independently, Lowry, therefore redefined an acid as a susbstance able to donate protons to other molecules or ions, and a base as a substance capable of accepting such protons. If we consider hydrogen chloride, HCl, as an example, the HCl molecule is essentially covalent, and hydrogen chloride (gas or liquid) contains no protons. But anhydrous hydrogen chloride in benzene will react with anhydrous ammonia ... 

Just as it is not necessary for polymer chains to be linear, it is also not necessary for all repeat units to be the same. We have already mentioned molecules like proteins where a wide variety of different repeat units are present. Among synthetic polymers, those in which a single kind of repeat unit are involved are called homopolymers, and those containing more than one kind of repeat unit are copolymers. Note that these definitions are based on the repeat unit, not the monomer. An ordinary polyester is not a copolymer, even though two different monomers, acids and alcohols, are its monomers. By contrast, copolymers result when different monomers bond together in the same way to produce a chain in which each kind of monomer retains its respective substituents in the polymer molecule. The unmodified term copolymer is generally used to designate the case where two different repeat units are involved. Where three kinds of repeat units are present, the system is called a terpolymer where there are more than three, the system is called a multicomponent copolymer. The copolymers we discuss in this book will be primarily two-component molecules. We shall discuss copolymers in Chap. 7, so the present remarks are simply for purposes of orientation. 

The lower volatihty of JP-8 is a significant factor in the U.S. Air Force conversion from JP-4, since fires and explosions under both combat and ordinary handling conditions have been attributed to the use of JP-4. In examining the safety aspects of fuel usage in aircraft, a definitive study (15) of the accident record of commercial and military jet transports concluded that kerosene-type fuel is safer than wide-cut fuel with respect to survival in crashes, in-flight fires, and ground fueling accidents. However, the difference in the overall accident record is small because most accidents are not fuel-related. 

The term electrochromism was apparently coined to describe absorption line shifts induced in dyes by strong electric fields (1). This definition of electrocbromism does not, however, fit within the modem sense of the word. Electrochromism is a reversible and visible change in transmittance and/or reflectance that is associated with an electrochemicaHy induced oxidation—reduction reaction. This optical change is effected by a small electric current at low d-c potential. The potential is usually on the order of 1 V, and the electrochromic material sometimes exhibits good open-circuit memory. Unlike the well-known electrolytic coloration in alkaU haUde crystals, the electrochromic optical density change is often appreciable at ordinary temperatures. 

Imaginary frequencies are listed in the output of a frequency calculation as negative numbers. By definition, a structure which has n imaginary frequencies is an n order saddle point. Thus, ordinary transition structures are usually characterized by one imaginary frequency since they are first-order saddle points. 

An absolutely scientific definition of the term essential cr volatile oils is hardly possible, but for all practical purposes they may be defined as odoriferous bodies of an oily nature obtained almost exclusively from vegetable sources, generally liquid (sometimes semi-solid or solid) at ordinary temperatures, and volatile without decomposition. This definition must be accepted within the ordinary limitations which are laid down by the common acceptation of the words, which will make themselves apparent in the sequel, and show that no more restricted definition is either advantageous or possible. Many essential oils, for example, are partially decomposed when distilled by themselves, and some even when steam distilled. 

From the practical point of view, the principal variation of environment which is definitely under the control of the cultivator, is, of course, the alteration in the composition of the soil, which is brought about by scientific manuring, llie analysis of fruits and vegetables will give the ordinary agriculturist much information as to the necessary mineral ingredients to be added to the soil but in the case of essential oils, the conditions are entirely different. The various parts of the plant tissue are affected in different ways by the same mineral salts, and successful development of the fruit or any other given part of the plant may have little or no relationship with the quantity or quality of essential oil produced. So that it is only by actual distillations of the plant, or portion of the plant, coupled with an exhaustive examination of the essential oil, that informative results can be obtained. 

The next group of alcoholic bodies to be studied are those which, although open-chaini alcohols, show considerable tendency to easily pass into closed-chain compounds, so that they occupy a definite position of their own, midway between the ordinary aliphatic series and the closed-chain series. The principal members of this important group are geraniol, nerol, linalol, and citronellol, together with the so-called aliphatic sesquiterpene alcohols, farnesol and nerolidol. 

The determination of the temperature at which an oil begins to boil is often of importance, as is also the percentage of the oil which distils within definite limits of temperature. The results obtained in distillation processes must, however, be interpreted very carefully, as the quantitative results depend so largely on the exact conditions of distillation. For ordinary purposes, an ordinary Wurtz flask is useful for determining the temperature at which the liquid first boils, but when an examination of... 

Solids tend to crystallize in definite geometric forms that often can be seen by the naked eye. In ordinary table salt, cubic crystals of NaCl are clearly visible. Large, beautifully formed crystals of such minerals as fluorite, CaF2, are found in nature. It is possible to observe distinct crystal forms of many metals under a microscope. 

The ordinary euclidean length is such a norm, and, more generally, if Q is any positive definite matrix, then the non-negative square root of... 

Many solid substances (camphor, iodine, naphthalene, etc.), are known which are appreciably volatile at ordinary temperatures. Others, such as the metals, are apparently quite fixed, but they probably possess a definite, although very small vapour-pressure, even at ordinary temperatures. Thus, if magnesium is heated to 550° for a few hours in a magnesia boat enclosed in a vacuous tube it sublimes in beautiful crystals on the cool part of the tube. The vaporisation of a solid without previous fusion is called sublimation the vapour-pressure (like the vapour-pressure of a liquid), is definite for each temperature, is independent of i the volume of the vapour space, and increases with rise of temperature. 

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