Alcohol in body

Newer methods of chemical analysis led to the isolation of the major alkaloids from crude drug preparations. By 1833, aconitine, atropine, codeine, hyoscyamine, morphine, nicotine, and strychnine had been isolated from plants. Color tests for alkaloids were developed between 1861 and 1882 by 1890 quantitative analysis methods became available. Physiological tests for alkaloids, particularly strychnine, first used in 1856, were employed well into the twentieth century. Tests for alcohol, devised by Lieben (iodoform crystal test, 1870) and others, were later perfected for the quantitative analysis of alcohol in body fluids and tissues. Qualitative tests for carbon monoxide in the blood were developed about this time and in 1880, Fodor developed a palladium chloride reduction method to quantitate carbon monoxide in blood. 

With such a diversity of topics, some overlap between articles is inevitable and, indeed, desirable. Each article is intended to be self-contained, but extensive cross-references are included to enable further information on particular topics to be found elsewhere in the encyclopedia. Even in articles where there might, at first sight, scope for duplication, it will be seen that each article has its own distinct perspective. For example, there are articles on ethanol, on forensic sciences, determination of alcohol in body fluids, and on food and nutritional analysis, alcoholic beverages, but it can readily be seen that the emphasis in each article is very different. 

See ETHANOL. FORENSIC SCIENCES Alcohol in Body Fluids... 

See alsa Distillation. Enzymes Overview Enzyme-Based Electrodes. Food and Nutritional Analysis Antioxidants and Preservatives Alcoholic Beverages. Forensic Sciences Alcohol in Body Fluids Blood Analysis. Headspace Analysis Static Purge and Trap. Infrared Spectroscopy Overview. Optical Spectroscopy Refractometry and Reflectometry. Quality Assurance Quality Control. Sensors Amperometric Oxygen Sensors. 

Alcohol in Body Fluids Arson Residues Blood Analysis... 

Later, an enzymatic method based on oxidation of ethanol by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) followed by spectrophotometric analysis was reported. Current methods for detecting ethanol in body fluids are predominantly based on physicochemical techniques. A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method is the most widespread because it is easy, rapid, and has high specificity and accuracy. Analytical methods used to determine alcohol in body fluids are siunma-rized in Table 1. 

Table 1 Analytical methods used to determine alcohol in body fluids...

Table 2 An example of headspace GL chromatography for detecting alcohol in body fluids of living and dead persons...

Creatinine. Electrophoresis Principles Isoelectric Focusing. Enzymes Enzymes In Physiological Samples Industrial Products and Processes Enzyme Assays. Forensic Sciences Alcohol In Body Fluids DNA Profiling Systematic Drug Identification Thin-Layer Chromatography. Immunoassays Applications Forensic. Microscopy Applications Forensic. Nucleic Acids Electrochemical Methods. Polymerase Chain Reaction. Spectrophotometry Oven/lew Biochemical Applications. 

See also Forensic Sciences Alcohol In Body Fluids Explosives Fibers Gunshot Residues Hair Paints, Varnishes, and Lacquers Systematic Drug Identification Thin-Layer Chromatography. Fuels Oil-Based. Gas Chromatography Pyrolysis Detectors Mass Spectrometry. Polymers Natural Rubber Synthetic Polyurethanes. 

See also Blood and Plasma. Clinical Analysis Glucose. Enzymes Immobilized Enzymes Enzyme-Based Electrodes Enzymes in Physiological Samples Industrial Products and Processes. Ethanol. Flow Injection Analysis Principles Detection Techniques. Food and Nutritional Analysis Alcoholic Beverages. Forensic Sciences Alcohol in Body Fluids. Immunoassays, Techniques Enzyme Immunoassays. Lipids Determination in Biological Fluids. Pesticides. Process Analysis Bioprocess Analysis. 

---