Reverse engineering

Rubber industries produce various types of complicated products like tyre, cable, belt, seal, bearings, engine mounts, etc. The products are composed of rubber, plastics, fibre, metal, fillers and many other additives like antioxidants, accelerators, etc. Reverse engineering is a technique by which a rubber technologist can reconstruct the composition of the products based on thermal analysis. Dormagen [178] and Baranwal [179] reconstructed the formulation of a tyre, based on analyses of FTIR, spectra, thermal analysis and high performance liquid chromatography. 

It is concluded that IR spectroscopy provides information on qualitative as well quantitative analyses of rubbery materials, apart from their microstructures (that is, whether cis or trans, syndiotactic, atactic or isotactic). Different types of rubber blends (compatibilised or self-crosslinked) can be identified by the infrared spectroscopy. Synthesis, and degradation of polymers can also be followed by IR spectra. Mechanism of interaction between rubbers and fillers, can also be studied by IR-spectra. Different types of chemical reactions like the milling behaviour of rubbers, mechanism of adhesion and degradation can also be studied with the help of IR spectroscopy. The technique plays a great role in the product analysis under reverse engineering. 

Thanks are due to Mr. Rajeev R.S. and Mr. Shambhu Bhattacharyya for assistance in preparing the manuscript. 

Coblentz, Investigations of Infrared Spectra, Carnegi Institution of Washington, 1905, Paper No.35. 

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D-CT dataset of power saw cabinet in reverse engineering software package (STL format)... 

Carnot principle States that no engine can be more efficient than a reversible engine when both operate between the same temperature limits. 

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Definition.—If an engine is such that, when it is worked backwards, the thermal and mechanical effects in every part of its motions are all reversed, it is called a reversible engine. 

Corollary (1). The processes involved in the operations of a reversible engine are all reversible processes. 

It is an immediate consequence of Carnot s theorem that the ratio of the quantities of heat absorbed and rejected by a perfectly reversible engine working in a complete cycle, depends only on the temperatures of the bodies which serve as source and refrigerator. 

The exact form of the function < > (T2, T being to some extent arbitrary, we might give several definitions of absolute temperature, all drawn up, however, in terms of the efficiency of the reversible engine. Lord Kelvin, in 1854, adopted the following form ... 

We shall now define what is to be understood by equal intervals of temperature. Let us imagine that we have a system of reversible engines [1,2], [2,8], [8,4],. . . , working between constant temperature reservoirs (1), (2), (8), (4),. . . , so that the refrigerator of any engine (except the last) forms the source of the next engine. Let each perform a cycle so that... 

Let Qi, Q2 be the quantities of heat absorbed from the source and rejected to the refrigerator at absolute temperatures Ti, T2 respectively by a reversible engine. We have proved that... 

Hence the temperature of the refrigerator is zero when all the heat absorbed from the source is converted into work by the reversible engine. 

Theorem.—The work obtained from a given quantity of heat absorbed from the source by a reversible engine is the greatest amount which can possibly be obtained with given temperatures of source and refrigerator. 

Proof. Let there be taken, in addition to this given system, a series of (w — 2) reversible engines working in the following way ... 

The reversible process (for which the equal sign applies) gives the maximum efficiency for the conversion of heat into work, but even the reversible engine is limited in the extent to which heat can be converted into work. 

Basso K, Margolin AA, Stolovitzky G, Klein U, Dalla-Favera R, Califano A. Reverse engineering of regulatory networks in human B cells. Nat Genet 2005 37 382-90. 

Reverse engineering The process of analysing an existing system to identify its components and their interrelationships and create representations of the system in another form or at a higher level of abstraction . 

The stimulation method could not address the role of the elaboration areas and the study of brain damaged patients or lesion studies of animals is hampered by the lack of temporal resolution. What is needed for another wave of reverse engineering, then, is the ability to stimulate the brain while it is doing something, or to be able to reversibly disrupt its functioning to give the lesion method a temporal dimension. The story of how we are able to achieve both of these takes us back to Faraday.. . . ... 

Walsh, V. 2000 Reverse engineering the human brain. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 358, 497-511... 

Vendor and competitor additive package analysis (reverse engineering)... 

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