Chain compound

Method 2. Place a 3 0 g. sample of the mixture of amines in a flask, add 6g. (4-5 ml.) of benzenesulphonyl chloride (or 6 g. of p-toluenesulphonyl chloride) and 100 ml. of a 5 per cent, solution of sodium hydroxide. Stopper the flask and shake vigorously until the odour of the acid chloride has disappeared open the flask occasionally to release the pressure developed by the heat of the reaction. AUow the mixture to cool, and dissolve any insoluble material in 60-75 ml. of ether. If a solid insoluble in both the aqueous and ether layer appears at this point (it is probably the sparingly soluble salt of a primary amine, e.g., a long chain compound of the type CjH5(CH2) NHj), add 25 ml. of water and shake if it does not dissolve, filter it off. Separate the ether and aqueous layers. The ether layer will contain the unchanged tertiary amine and the sulphonamide of the secondary amine. Acidify the alkaline aqueous layer with dilute hydrochloric acid, filter off the sulphonamide of the primary amine, and recrystaUise it from dilute alcohol. Extract the ether layer with sufficient 5 per cent, hydrochloric acid to remove all the tertiary amine present. Evaporate the ether to obtain the sulphonamide of the secondary amine recrystaUise it from alcohol or dilute alcohol. FinaUy, render the hydrochloric acid extract alkaline by the addition of dilute sodium hydroxide solution, and isolate the tertiary amine. 

Now we turn to syntheses of simple, noncommercial or very expensive difunctional open-chain compounds. We have chosen one or two examples each of 1,2- up to 1,6-difunctional target molecules. 

The general pattern of alkylation of 2-acylaininothiazoles parallels that of 2-aminothia2ole itself (see Section III.l). In neutral medium attack occurs on the ring nitrogen, and in alkaline medium a mixture of N-ring and N-amino alkylation takes place (40, 43, 161. 163). In acidic medium unusual behavior has been reported (477) 2-acetamido-4-substituted thiazoles react with acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid to yield 2-acetylimino-3-acetyl-4-phenyl-4-thiazolines (255) when R = Ph. but when R4 = Me or H no acetylation occurs (Scheme 151). The explanation rests perhaps in an acid-catalyzed heterocyclization with an acetylation on the open-chain compound (253), this compound being stabilized... 

In this chapter we intend to outline the general methods by which the thiazolic ring is synthetized from open-chain compounds. The conversion of one thiazole compound to another is not discussed here, but in appropriate later chapters. Thus the conversion of thiazole carboxylic acids, halogeno-, amino-, hydroxy-, and mercaptothiazoles, to the corresponding unsubstituted thiazoles is treated in Chapters IV through VII, respectively. 

Compounds that contain both carbonyl and alcohol functional groups are often more stable as cyclic hemiacetals or cyclic acetals than as open chain compounds Examples of several of these are shown Deduce the structure of the open chain form of each... 

Chain Compounds. For chain compounds containing three or more elements, the sequence should be in accordance with the order in which the atoms are actually bound in the molecule or ion. 

Surfactants are long-chain compounds containing a hydrophobic tail and an ionic head. In polar solvents the surfactants arrange themselves in a spherical structure known as a micelle in which the hydrophobic tails form the... 

Hydrogenation of furfuryl alcohol can yield 2-tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, 2-methylfuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, or straight-chain compounds by hydrogenolysis of the ring. Ethoxylation and propoxylation of furfuryl alcohol provide usefiil ether alcohols. 

M. H. Wliangbo, in J. S. Millei, ed.. Extendedl inear Chain Compounds, Plenum Press, New York, 1982, p. 127. 

Hexane refers to the straight-chain hydrocarbon, C H branched hydrocarbons of the same formula are isohexanes. Hexanes include the branched compounds, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, 2,3-dimethylbutane, and the straight-chain compound, / -hexane. Commercial hexane is a narrow-boiling mixture of these compounds with methylcyclopentane, cyclohexane, and benzene (qv) minor amounts of and hydrocarbons also may be present. Hydrocarbons in commercial hexane are found chiefly in straight-mn gasoline which is produced from cmde oil and natural gas Hquids (see Gasoline AND OTHER MOTOR fuels Gas,natural). Smaller volumes occur in certain petroleum refinery streams. 

J. H. Pedstein and P. M. Borsenberger, Extended Linear Chain Compounds, Vol. 2, Plenum Press, New York, 1982, Chapt. 8. 

Flotation. Tallow amines contain small amounts of short-chain compounds, eg, the octyl, lauryl, and myristyl (C ) groups. These amines usually produce enough froth for the flotation. Small quantities of specialized synthetic alcohols, eg, Dowfroth P, are frequentiy added to the flotation system to supplement the natural frothers. The quantities of the reagents used ia potash flotation plants are Hsted ia Table 5. 

Branch-chain compounds are more sorbable than straight-chain compounds. 

Ref. 14 contains a more general and simplistic order of decreasing biodegradabihty straight-chain compounds, aromatic compounds, chlorinated straight-chain compounds, and chlorinated aromatic compounds. 

Photochemical fragmentation Equilibria with open-chain compounds Rearrangement to other heterocyclic species Polymerization... 

A -Pyrazolines are obtained by the reduction of pyrazoles with sodium and alcohol, by catalytic hydrogenation on palladium or by electrochemical means (B-76MI40402). In some cases the reduction proceeds further yielding pyrazolidines and open-chain compounds. 

A mechanism has been proposed to rationalize the results shown in Figure 23. The relative proportion of the A -pyrazolines obtained by the reduction of pyrazolium salts depends on steric and electronic effects. When all the substituents are alkyl groups, the hydride ion attacks the less hindered carbon atom for example when = Bu only C-5 is attacked. The smaller deuterohydride ion is less sensitive to steric effects and consequently the reaction is less selective (73BSF288). Phenyl substituents, both on the nitrogen atom and on the carbon atoms, direct the hydride attack selectively to one carbon atom and the isolated A -pyrazoline has the C—C double bond conjugated with the phenyl (328 R or R = Ph). Open-chain compounds are always formed during the reduction of pyrazolium salts, becoming predominant in the reduction of amino substituted pyrazoliums. 

As an example of the chemical signihcance of the process technology, the products of die Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, in which a signihcant amount of gas phase polymerization occurs vary markedly from hxed bed operation to the fluidized bed. The hxed bed product contains a higher proportion of straight chain hydrocarbons, and the huidized bed produces a larger proportion of branched chain compounds. 

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