Swine nutrient requirements

NRC - National Research Council (1998), Nutrient Requirements of swine. Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals, National Academy Press, Washington DC, USA. 

Table 5. Nutrient Requirements of Growing Swine Allowed Feed Ad Libitum ...

Nonrepairable components, in reliability modeling, 26 989 Nonruminant feeds, 10 836-847 additives to, 10 846 ingredients of, 10 837-838 swine and poultry nutrient requirements, 10 838-845 Nonselective catalytic reduction (NSCR), 10 101-102 17 184 19 626 Nonselective herbicides, 13 313 Nonselective poisoning, 5 258 Nonself-aligned (NSA) HBT fabrication, 22 167... 

NRC (1998) Nutrient Requirements of Swine, 10th rev. edn. National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. 

NRC. Nutrient Requirements of Swine, Tenth rev. ed. National Academy Press Washington, DC, 1998 pp. 110-142. 

NRC, 1998. Nutrient requirements of swine. National Academy Press, Washington DC. 

National Academy of Sciences (1973). "Nutrient Requirements of Swine," pp. 2-30. Nat. 

National Research Council, 1998. Nutrient requirements of swine. 10th ed. Washington, D.C., National Academy Press. Moehn, S., R.F.P. Bertolo, RB. Pencharz, and R.O. Ball, 2004. Pattern of carbon dioxide production and retention is similar in adult pigs when fen hourly, but not when fed a single meal. BMC Physl. 4, 11-18. 

Martinez-Ramirez, H.R., E. A. Jeaurond, and C. E. M. de Lange, 2008. Dynamics of hody protein deposition and changes in body composition after sudden changes in amino acid intake 1. Barrows. J. Anim. Sci. 86,2156-2167. NRC, 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 10th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC. 

NRC, 1988. Nutrient requirements of swine. 10. revised Edition. National Academy Press, Washington, USA. Pomar, C., I. Kyriazakis, G.C. Emmans, and P. W. Knap, 2003. Modeling stochasticity Dealing with populations rather than individual pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 2003. 81, E178-186. 

NRC. 1998. Nutrient requirement of swine. 10th ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington, DC, USA. 110-112. 

Principal data sources are National Research Council. 1987. Predicting Feed Intake of Food-Producing Animals. Washington, D.C. National Academy Press National Research Council. 1988. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. Washington, D.C. National Academy Press National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. Washington, D.C. National Academy Press. 

As has been pointed out earlier in this chapter, the dietary consumption and historical medicinal use of carotenoids has been well documented. In the modern age, in addition to crocin, 3.7, and norbixin, 3.8, several carotenoids have become extremely important commercially. These include, in particular, astaxanthin, 3.6 (fish, swine, and poultry feed, and recently human nutritional supplements) lutein, 3.4, and zeaxanthin, 3.3 (animal feed and poultry egg production, human nutritional supplements) and lycopene, 3.2 (human nutritional supplements). The inherent lipophilicity of these compounds has limited their potential applications as hydrophilic additives without significant formulation efforts in the diet, the lipid content of the meal increases the absorption of these nutrients, however, parenteral administration to potentially effective therapeutic levels requires separate formulation that is sometimes ineffective or toxic (Lockwood et al. 2003). 

For swine, low-fiber sunflower meal is inferior to soybean meal as the sole source of supplemental protein. This inferior performance is the result of lower palatability and nutrient content. In swine rations, with 20-30% of the protein from sunflower meal, rates of gain are similar to soybean meal, but larger quantities of meal are required. Lysine supplementation reduces this requirement. Studies have indicated that sunflower meal can effectively replace 50% of the soybean meal in growing-finishing swine rations. Higher rates of utilization are possible as animals increase in weight because of the decreased requirement for essential amino acids (38). 

The response of animals to graded levels of nitrogen or amino adds has been considered a linear phenomenon in the past. Currently, many of the swine growth models are still based on linear improvements in growth as increments of amino adds are added to a diet. A desirable feature of the statistical approach to defining a linear-plateau relationship is that a single nutrient level is defined as the requirement to maximize growth. A constant efficiency of nutrient use is assumed, and when the requirement is met, the... 

Protein is quantitatively the most expensive nutrient in swine production. The conversion of food proteins into animal proteins requires complex biochemical and physiological processes, which include digestion, absorption, metabolism (involving intestinal-lumen miciooiganisms, the splanchnic bed, and other organs), and the regulation of these events via multiple signalling pathways (Wu,... 

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