Nutrient requirements Potassium

Grape and apple juices usually contain all of the trace nutrients required by Saccharomjces for fermentation of sugars to alcohol. Other fmit and diluted honey, as well as barley malt and rice extract, frequendy need additions of nitrogen, phosphoms, and potassium compounds, together with some autolyzed yeast to faciUtate the yeast growth necessary for fermentation. Stimulation oiy4.cetobacter frequendy requires the addition of autolyzed... 

An estimated 7 million metric tons (6.5 million short tons) of potassium carbonate were produced in the United States in 2005. Of that amount, nearly 90 percent was used for the production of fertilizers. Potash provides plants with the potassium they need to stay healthy and grow. Potassium is one of the three major nutrients required by plants, the other two being nitrogen and phosphorus. The next largest application for potassium carbonate is in the chemical industry, where it is used as a raw material to make other chemical compounds, potassium silicate being the most common. 

The optimal design of the medium is very important for the growth of a microorganism. Nutrients required for the growth of a microorganism are carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, potassium and magnesium salts. 

De Datta, S. K. 1985. Nutrient Requirement for Sustained High Yields of Rice and Other Cereals, Proceedings of Colloquium Potassium in Agricultural Systems of the Humid Tropics, pp. 97-120, International Potash Institute, Switzerland. 

While the trace-element content of guano and, to a lesser extent, of mined mineral salts, could make some contribution to the nutrient requirements of crops, these materials are no longer adequately available. We have now become largely dependent on highly purified compound fertilisers containing only nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium as nutrients, so that the rate of depletion of essential trace elements has been greatly accelerated. The natural cycle... 

PREVENTION OF NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES IN DIABETICS. It was mentioned earlier that diabetes may be brought on and/or aggravated by deficiencies of the essential nutrients chromium, manganese, potassium, pyri-doxine (vitamin B-6), or zinc. This is not to say that the basic nutrient requirements of diabetics are significantly different from nondiabetics it is only to note that (1) a few people may show diabetic tendencies due to deficiencies... 

ENVIRONMENTAL EXTREMES. Overall, man heis learned to protect himself from extreme heat or cold. However, nutrient requirements are increeised during adaptation to environmental temperatures above 97°F (37 ). Protein, energy, and water needs are elevated while losses of minerals and electrolytes (calcium, iron, sodium, and potassium) may be anticipated, all depending upon the amount of physical work performed. Also, vitamin C requirements may be increased by stress of a hot environment Exposure to a cold environment increases the metabwlic rate, and hence, the energy requirement of unprotected individuals. Warm clothing and dwellings have minimized the effects of cold on man. 

Potassium Phosphates. Potassium phosphate salts are analogous to the sodium salts and share many of the same functional properties. The higher cost of potassium hydroxide has restricted these salts to appHcations where high solubiUty or nutrient value is important. Potassium salts are manufactured like their sodium analogues, often on the same equipment. Many of the potassium phosphates are more deflquescent than their sodium analogues and may require special storage and moistureproof containers. 

Potassium is required for enzyme activity in a few special cases, the most widely studied example of which is the enzyme pymvate kinase. In plants it is required for protein and starch synthesis. Potassium is also involved in water and nutrient transport within and into the plant, and has a role in photosynthesis. Although sodium and potassium are similar in their inorganic chemical behavior, these ions are different in their physiological activities. In fact, their functions are often mutually antagonistic. For example, increases both the respiration rate in muscle tissue and the rate of protein synthesis, whereas inhibits both processes (42). 

Information about a food s potassium content is required on the nutrition facts panel only if the food contains added potassium as a nutrient or if claims about it as a nutrient appear on the label. In all other cases, it is voluntary. The recommended daily value for potassium is 3500 mg. The following labels have been designated for foods high potassium (700 mg or more per serving) good source of potassium (350—665 mg per serving) more or added potassium (at least 350 mg more per serving than the reference food) (43). 

The elemental and vitamin compositions of some representative yeasts are Hsted in Table 1. The principal carbon and energy sources for yeasts are carbohydrates (usually sugars), alcohols, and organic acids, as weU as a few other specific hydrocarbons. Nitrogen is usually suppHed as ammonia, urea, amino acids or oligopeptides. The main essential mineral elements are phosphoms (suppHed as phosphoric acid), and potassium, with smaller amounts of magnesium and trace amounts of copper, zinc, and iron. These requirements are characteristic of all yeasts. The vitamin requirements, however, differ among species. Eor laboratory and many industrial cultures, a commercial yeast extract contains all the required nutrients (see also Mineral nutrients). 

The carbohydrate (again often molasses, 15 - 25%) and added nutrients are pH-adjusted to below 4.0 and, for Otis process, have to be sterilised. It is necessary to add potassium hexacyanoferrate but greater care is required in this process compared to surface culture. The A. niger seems to be more sensitive to and more easily inhibited by hexacyanoferrate in submerged culture. It is essential however to lower the ferrous and manganese concentrations, probably below 200 and 5 pg l1 respectively, to optimise the performance of A. niger. 

A ready reckoner for the amount of N, P and K removed by certain representative crops is shown in Table 5.2. The requirement for P and K may be expressed in terms of the element rather than the oxide (P205 or K20). P205 contains 0.43 units of P K20 contains 0.83 units of K. The depletion of N, P and K from the grain of wheat, barley and oats is pro rata for yield, but the nutrient composition of the straw is different, oat straw containing very much more potassium than wheat or barley straw. Potatoes and kale are very much more exhaustive of N and K than the cereal crops. 

FRET-based nanosensors have been successfully used to monitor steady state levels of metabolites, nutrients, and ions in mammalian cells [74, 87], Recently FRET-based glucose, sucrose, and amino acid nanosensors have been developed to study the metabolism of glucose, sucrose, and amino acid uptake and metabolism in plant cells [80,89, 91]. The enormous potential of these nanosensors will be crucial for understanding ion (e.g., calcium), metabolite (e.g., sugars), hormone (e.g., auxins, gibberellins etc.), and nutrient (e.g., nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus) requirements and homeostasis in living plant tissues. 

---