Nutrient requirements Tables

There is no best feed composition because animals thrive on diets composed of many different types of iagredients. Swiae and poultry generally adapt readily and rapidly to changes ia ingredient composition, as long as the diets provide adequate levels of essential nutrients. Tables 2 through 6 Hst information on the nutrient requirements of various types of swiae and poultry. 

Table 2. Nutrient Requirements of Broiler Chickens at Specific Ages, Weeks...

Table 5. Nutrient Requirements of Growing Swine Allowed Feed Ad Libitum ...

TABLE 25-40 Minor and Micro Nutrients Required for Biologically Mediated Reactors... 

Figures 6.3 and 6.4 show a conceptual flowchart of the energy in an ecological system. The energy input during time interval t is provided by solar radiation EA(t, ip, A, z), as is the upward transport of nutrients from deep-sea layers. The concentration of nutrients B6A(t,ip, A,z) at depth z is determined by photosynthesis RpA, advection, and destruction of suspended dead organic matter B-j. The role played by hydro-dynamic conditions relates to maintenance of the concentration of nutrients required for photosynthesis which occurs via transport from other layers or aquatories of the sea where the concentration is sufficiently high. Taking into account the designations of Table 6.7 we have...

The requirements set out in this publication and taken mainly from the report on the Nutrient Requirements of Poultry (NRC, 1994) are based on ME (AME), expressed as kilocalories (kcal) or megacalories (Meal)/kg feed. This energy system is used widely in North America and in many other countries. Energy units used in some countries are based on joules (J), kilojoules (kj) or megajoules (MJ). A conversion factor can be used to convert calories to joules, i.e. IMeal = 4.184 MJ 1MJ = 0.239 Meal and 1MJ = 239 kcal. Therefore, the tables of feedstuff composition in this publication show ME values expressed as MJ or kj as well as keal/kg. 

Table 3.7. NRC (1994) estimated nutrient requirements of growing Leghorn-type chickens, amount/kg diet (90% moisture basis).3...

Table 3 Nutrients required by plants and their major functions.

POME has proven to be a good source of organic fertilizer and is available in large volume (Table 29). Applied at rates corresponding to the nutrient requirement of crops, it will not have detrimental impact on the environment. The beneficial effects of POME apphcation on crop yield and performance have been investigated. Several methods of land application systems are available. 

The published tables of animal nutrient requirements and feedstuffs composition are crude approximations across the industry at best. A formulator usually will be more effective if he or she applies local experience in feeding animals of similar genetic origin under the environmental conditions at hand and relies on actual analyses of the ingredients received or the historical performance of the specific supplier—if such information is available. 

Culture techniques can be classified into batch, fed-batch, and continuous operation (Table 2). In batch processes, all the nutrients required for cell growth and product formation are present in the medium prior to cultivation. Oxygen is supplied by aeration. The cessation of growth reflects the exhaustion of the limiting substrate in the medium. For fed-batch processes, the usual fed-batch and the repeated fed-batch operations are listed in Table 2. 

More than 100 years ago, W. O. Atwater, the first director of the U.S. Department of Agriculture s (USDA) Office of Experiment Stations, is believed to be the first person to use the scientific process to develop dietary guidance to improve health (Welsh et al., 1993). His food composition tables and dietary standards for the U.S. population were first published in 1894 (Atwater, 1894). He coordinated research on nutrient requirements, food composition, food consumption, and consumer economics that led to a... 

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