Ruminants nutrient requirements

ARC (Agriculture Research Council) (1965) The nutrient requirements of farm livestock. No. 2. Ruminants. Agriculture Research Council, London. 

CSIRO, 2007. In Freer, M., Dove, H., Nolan, J.V. (Eds.), Nutrient Requirements of Domesticated Ruminants. CSIRO Publishing, Clayton South, Australia. 

NRC, 2007. Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants Sheep, Goats, Cervids, and New World Camelids. National Research Council. The National Academies Press, Washington, USA, 362 pp. 

National Research Council 2007 Nutrient Requirements of Small Ruminants, Washington, DC, National Academy Press. 

Agricultural Research Council 1980 The Nutrient Requirements of Ruminant Livestock, Famham Royal, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux. 

Formulation of a ration or diet requires knowledge of the nutrient requirements of the animal (discussed in this part) and the nutritional value of the foods (discussed in Part 3) and, in order to combine these two, the amount of foods the animal can consume. Therefore, Chapter 17 gives details of factors affecting food intake in both monogastrics and ruminants and the methods used to predict food intake. 

The main users of feeding standards are commercial companies that supply concentrate feeds as complete diets for pigs and poultry and as complementary feeds to forages consumed by ruminants. Nutritional advisers and consultants also use them to formulate diets and advise farmers. Commercial feed companies often modify published standards in order to meet the specific needs of their customers. For example, the nutrient requirements of poultry tend to change from one generation to the next because of the speed of genetic selection and improvement. Consequently, national feeding standards fail to... 

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) 2007 Nutrient Requirements of Domesticated Ruminants, Collingwood, Vic., Australia, CSIRO Publishing. 

Agricultural and Food Research Council (AFRC) 1992 Technical Committee on Responses to Nutrients, report no. 5. Nutrient Requirements of Ruminant Animals Energy, Famham Royal, Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux. (See also Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, Series B 60 729-804.)... 

In recent years the proximate analysis procedure has been severely criticised by many nutritionists as being archaic and imprecise, and in the majority of laboratories it has been partially replaced by other analytical procedures. Most criticism has been focused on the crude fibre, ash and nitrogen-free extractives fractions for the reasons described above. The newer methods have been developed to characterise foods in terms of the methods used to express nutrient requirements. In this way, an attempt is made to use the analytical techniques to quantify the potential supply of nutrients from the food. For example, for ruminants, analytical methods are being developed that describe the supply of nutrients for the rumen microbes and the host digestive enzyme system (Fig. 1.1). 

Hinderer, S. and W. von Engelhaidt, 1975. Urea metabolism in the llama. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 52A, 619-622. Van Saun, R.J., 2006. Nutrient requirements of South American Camelids A factorial approach. Small Ruminant Res. 61, 165-186. 

Van Saun, R.J., 2006. Nutrient requirements of South American Camelids A factorial approach. Small Ruminant Res. 61, 165-186. 

NRC, 2007. Nutrient requirements of small ruminants sheep, goats, cervids, and new world camelids (6th ed.). National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 

ARC, 1980. The nutrient requirements of ruminant livestock. Tech. Rev. Agric. Res. Council Working Party. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Famham Royal, UK, 351 pp. 

Cannas, A., 2000. Sheep and cattle nutrient requirement systems, ruminal turnover, and adaptation of the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System to sheep. Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA, 337 pp. 

CSIRO, 2007. Nutrient requirements of domesticated ruminants. Commonwealth Scientific and Induslrial Research... 

In ruminants, avoparcin has a dual action. It acts in the rumen by enhancing fermentation, and in the intestine by improving the absorption of nutrients. Following feeding to animals, avoparcin is virtually unabsorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and is rapidly eliminated in the form of the parent compound. As a result, no withdrawal period is required. 

Like all other animals, poultry require five components in their diet as a source of nutrients energy, protein, minerals, vitamins and water. A nutrient shortage or imbalance in relation to other nutrients will affect performance adversely. Poultry need a well-balanced and easily digested diet for optimal production of eggs and meat and are very sensitive to dietary quality because they grow quickly and make relatively little use of fibrous, bulky feeds such as lucerne hay or pasture, since they are non-ruminants (have a simple stomach compartment). 

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