Poultry nutrient requirements

Nonrepairable components, in reliability modeling, 26 989 Nonruminant feeds, 10 836-847 additives to, 10 846 ingredients of, 10 837-838 swine and poultry nutrient requirements, 10 838-845 Nonselective catalytic reduction (NSCR), 10 101-102 17 184 19 626 Nonselective herbicides, 13 313 Nonselective poisoning, 5 258 Nonself-aligned (NSA) HBT fabrication, 22 167... 

There is no best feed composition because animals thrive on diets composed of many different types of iagredients. Swiae and poultry generally adapt readily and rapidly to changes ia ingredient composition, as long as the diets provide adequate levels of essential nutrients. Tables 2 through 6 Hst information on the nutrient requirements of various types of swiae and poultry. 

The requirements set out in this publication and taken mainly from the report on the Nutrient Requirements of Poultry (NRC, 1994) are based on ME (AME), expressed as kilocalories (kcal) or megacalories (Meal)/kg feed. This energy system is used widely in North America and in many other countries. Energy units used in some countries are based on joules (J), kilojoules (kj) or megajoules (MJ). A conversion factor can be used to convert calories to joules, i.e. IMeal = 4.184 MJ 1MJ = 0.239 Meal and 1MJ = 239 kcal. Therefore, the tables of feedstuff composition in this publication show ME values expressed as MJ or kj as well as keal/kg. 

Nutrient requirements in North America are based on the recommendations of the National Research Council - National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. The recommendations cover pigs, poultry, dairy cattle, horses, laboratory animals, etc. and are published as a series of books. The recommendations for each species are updated about every 10 years, the current Nutrient Requirements of Poultry being the 1994, 9th revised edition. A specially appointed committee of experts meets to review published research findings and to derive estimates of requirement. These are then published as recommendations. The information is used widely by the feed industry in North America and in many other regions. 

Acamovic, T. (2002) Review Nutritional Standards for Livestock Nutrient Requirements and Standards for Poultry. BSAS/DEFRA Report, pp. 1-16. Available at www.bsas.org.uk/ downloads/reports/FinalPoultry.pdf... 

ARC (1975) Agricultural Research Council The Nutrient Requirements of Farm Livestock, No. 1 Poultry. Agricultural Research Council, London. 

NRC (1994) Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9th revised edn. National Academy of Sciences, National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 

National Research Council Nutrient Requirements of Poultry National Academy of Sciences Washington, DC,... 

NRC, 1984. Nutrient requirements of poultry 8 Revised Edition. National Academy Press, Washington DC. 

Whitehead C C 1986 Requirements for vitamins. In Fisher C and Boorman K N (eds) Nutrient Requirements of Poultry and Nutrition Research, London, Butterworth, pp. 173 9. 

Nutrient requirements for reproduction are considered in Chapter 15, which also includes nutritional influences on puberty, fertility and fecundity and the requirements for egg production in poultry and growth of the foetus. 

The main users of feeding standards are commercial companies that supply concentrate feeds as complete diets for pigs and poultry and as complementary feeds to forages consumed by ruminants. Nutritional advisers and consultants also use them to formulate diets and advise farmers. Commercial feed companies often modify published standards in order to meet the specific needs of their customers. For example, the nutrient requirements of poultry tend to change from one generation to the next because of the speed of genetic selection and improvement. Consequently, national feeding standards fail to... 

With the exception of birds reared for breeding (see Chapter 15), growing poultry are normally fed to appetite, and nutrient requirements are therefore expressed not as quantities required per day but as the nutrient concentrations in the diet (see Appendix 2,Table A2.10). 

Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, National Academy Press Washington, DC, 1984. 

In relating nutrition and infection, two areas of Importance must be considered (1) public health, i.e., the prevention and treatment of human disease and metabolic disorders and (2) livestock and poultry production. The production of meat, fibre, and animal materials continues to be a more intensive operation in the agricultural system of this country and the world. The number of high density systems or confinement operations will continue to increase. With the expansion of these operations, new and more severe problems of disease control have appeared. The nutritionists that develop diets for these confinement operations are responsible not only for providing the basic nutrient requirements, but are also called upon to optimize the health of the animals through diet to reduce the impact of infection and other stresses We hope the information presented here will be a step in that direction. 

Besides the effect on intestinal health, there are many more interactions between feed and health of poultry and pigs. These interactions represent possible additional values for specific nutrient or ingredients. These include both the influence of (suboptimal) conditions of animals on nutrient requirements as well as specific effects of diet components on animal health. For example, several studies have shown that withdrawal of antibiotics from the diet may influence the optimal amino acid to energy ratio (Bikker et al, 2003) and optimal amino acid pattern, especially with regard to... 

Emmans, G.C. and C. Fisher, 1986. Problems in nutritional theory. In Fisher, C. Boorman, K. N., eds. Nutrient requirements of poultry and nutritional research. London, England Butterworths , 9-39. 

Principal data sources are National Research Council. 1987. Predicting Feed Intake of Food-Producing Animals. Washington, D.C. National Academy Press National Research Council. 1988. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. Washington, D.C. National Academy Press National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. Washington, D.C. National Academy Press. 

Historically, rickets prevention or cure was used to evaluate adequate vitamin nutrient levels. More recendy, in the absence of uv light, Edwards (216) found different vitamin levels were required for the optimisa tion of the various effects of vitamin in poultry, ie, 275 lU/kg for growth, 503... 

By housing cattle overwinter and composting the farmyard manure, the organic farmer has ready access to a balanced fertiliser that can be spread where most required. The grazing animal does not actually import fertility onto the farm but it does recycle nutrients where it grazes and provides a source of manure when housed. This is as true of sheep, pigs and poultry as of cattle. The only problem with outdoor pigs is that they tend to rip up pastures. 

As has been pointed out earlier in this chapter, the dietary consumption and historical medicinal use of carotenoids has been well documented. In the modern age, in addition to crocin, 3.7, and norbixin, 3.8, several carotenoids have become extremely important commercially. These include, in particular, astaxanthin, 3.6 (fish, swine, and poultry feed, and recently human nutritional supplements) lutein, 3.4, and zeaxanthin, 3.3 (animal feed and poultry egg production, human nutritional supplements) and lycopene, 3.2 (human nutritional supplements). The inherent lipophilicity of these compounds has limited their potential applications as hydrophilic additives without significant formulation efforts in the diet, the lipid content of the meal increases the absorption of these nutrients, however, parenteral administration to potentially effective therapeutic levels requires separate formulation that is sometimes ineffective or toxic (Lockwood et al. 2003). 

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