Range calculations

Due to the intermediate coupling the sign of the crystal field matrix element 6 is reversed compared to the pure Russell-Saunders state. Thus for 8-fold cubic coordination a F7 ground state was found. From EPR measurements on Pu3"1" diluted in fluorite host lattices, a magnetic moment at T=0 K can be calculated, ranging from li ff = 1.333 (in Ce02) to y ff = 0.942 (in SrCl2) (24,... 

For bioremediation, an initial feasibility study is always recommended, and the determination of nutrient requirements should be part of this study. The actual requirements are very much dependent upon the type of contaminants, which are often a mixture of compounds of variable biodegradability, and on the availability of nutrients in the specific contaminated soil, and should be determined with appropriate laboratory tests. However, there are guidelines that provide a useful basis for initial economic evaluations and for calculating ranges to be tested during the laboratory tests. 

At this point, specification of the finite-difference solution method is complete in that we have chosen to utilize the finite-difference scheme and have specified the mesh properties and the sampling of points required to provide the desired approximation to the derivatives of U. Such systems can be solved efficiently even for N and M large (>1000), although time scales of typical calculations range from several minutes to hours, depending on the type of computers used, eliminating some from consideration in those time-critical situations. We defer additional discussion of achieving solutions until the next step. 

In order to check whether the conservatism in the risk assessment is a result of the estimated concentrations (chemistry LOE), the calculated ranges of ISI values based on the 5 and 95 percentile of TBT concentrations are compared by the observed ISI values in the field (Ecotoxicity LOE). If there is a good correspondence between calculated and observed ISI, it can be concluded that the concentrations are a proper basis for the risk calculations as well. Figure 4 presents the comparison between calculated and observed ISI for open waters (A) and Dutch harbours (B). 

For open waters, only two measured ISl values fell within the predicted ISI ranges (North Sea (C)) and Western Scheldt (G), while the rest of the observations were below the calculated ranges. This is presumably a consequence of the asymptotic minimum of 0.07 in Formula 1. Differences in local values may have caused the predicted ISI levels in open waters to exceed the observed ISI values. In this study the is based on measured concentrations in sediment and water from harbours. This is in line with the fact that the correspondence in harbours is much better. It might be possible to derive a dedicated for open waters from the comparison of water and sediment concentrations in open waters, potentially improving the correspondence between predicted and measured ISI levels for these water systems. However, such data are not available. The possible over-estimation of water concentrations in open waters would also imply that the ecological risk values presented in this study have been over-estimated for open waters. 

The conversion curve for styrene exhibits a drop in the rate in the calculated range according to the findings of Smith (I), Kolthoff (7), and others. Patsiga (3, 6), as well as many other investigators, have found the rates for vinyl acetate to be linear to around 80% conversion despite the fact that calculations indicate that all of the monomer is absorbed in the particles at about 40% conversion. 

Foster (1963) established empirically that the cation exchange capacity of vermiculites could be calculated by multiplying the positive charges carried by the interlayer cations by 200. The calculated range of cation exchange capacities of the macroscopic vermiculite she studied ranged from approximately 80 to 200 mequiv/ 100 g. Nearly half the samples have a C.E.C. less than 140 and more than a third have values less than 120. Because it was not known what proportions of the Mg to assign to the interlayer position and what proportion to the octahedral sheet, these calculated values can only be considered minimum values. Macroscopic vermiculites most com-... 

Figure 9.16. Observed sea level changes over time and calculated range (shaded area) of sea level variation owing to thermal expansion of ocean water. Dotted line = ATeq of 5.6°C Short-dashed line= ATeq of 2.8°C Long-dashed line = ATeq of 1.4°C. (After Gornitz et al., 1982.)...

The nature of the transition metal-boron bond in [LXM = B-R] is obviously strongly influenced by the boron bonded substituent R. Descriptions based on calculations range from an almost purely... 

Lerou and Froment [10] found by calculations that a reactor may ignite under non constant flow conditions while it is still stable if constant flow is assumed. Kalthoff and Vortmeyer [11],(Figure 4) found an improved agreement between measured and calculated ranges of multiple solutions for non -uniform flow. From the previous work therefore can be concluded that non-uniform porosity and flow distributions effect the chemical reactor performance. The question however, whether real improvements are obtained has to be subject to a comparison of experimental results with calculations. 

Various 30 Calculated range, given different theoretical concentration of binding sites [124]... 

Eqs. (3.18), (3.20) and (3.21) contain all the features of the dispersive transport, specifically the power law time decay which becomes steeper after the transit time, and the thickness and field dependence of the mobility. The results are confirmed by many other types of calculations, ranging from more rigorous analysis of the release time distribution (Michiel, Adriaenssens and Davis 1986), to Monte Carlo simulation of the transport (Marshall 1977). 

With the data of Table 7 in hand, one may now make quantitative contact with experiment in terms of Eqs. 108 and 109. The experimental S value together with the calculated 5 value and Eq. 108 yields an estimate of Tjj (0.1-2 cm ) that is close to the calculated range (0.5-5 cm ). Given the estimated uncertainties, the experimental (F ,) and calculated H ) activation energies are seen to be in reasonable accord as well. The primary results are summarized in Table 8. 

Figure 11 Calculated ranges of the metastable cubic and hexagonal phases for a number of MeN-AlN systems at 500 K...

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