Brain dialysis

The literature contains numerous references to the use of MS/MS in the determination of new neuropeptides in identified cells of invertebrates (Bulau et al., 2004, for a recent example) and this technique is now being applied to in situ analysis of vertebrate tissues (Fournier et al., 2003). MS/MS is also used for studies of neuropeptide processing (Nilsson et al., 2001), pharmacokinetics of synthetic peptides (Mock et al., 2002), nonpeptide drug metabolism (Kamel et al., 2003), identification of peptides purified by immunoaffinity (Suresh Babu et al., 2004), and MALDI/MS/MS techniques adaptable to brain dialysis (Bogan and Agnes, 2004). 

Jacobson I, Sandberg M, Hamberger A. 1985. Mass transfer in brain dialysis devices-a new method for the estimation of extracellular amino acids concentration. J Neurosci Methods 15(3) 263-268. 

Lecca D, Piras G, Driscoll P, Giorgi O, Corda MG. 2004. A differential activation of dopamine output in the shell and core of the nucleus accumbens is associated with the motor responses to addictive drugs a brain dialysis study in roman high- and low-avoidance rats. Neuropharmacology 46(5) 688-699. 

Ve ani A, Wu HQ, Angelico P, Stasi MA, Samanin R. 1988. Quinolinic acid-induced seizures, but not nerve ceU death, are associated with extraceUular Ca " " decrease assessed in the hippocampus by brain dialysis. Brain Res 454(1—2) ... 

Westerink BH, Damsma G, Rollema H, De Vries JB, Horn AS. 1987. Scope and limitations of in vivo brain dialysis a comparison of its application to various neurotransmitter systems. Life Sci 41(15) 1763-1776. 

Gingrich JA, Hen R (2001) Dissecting the role of the serotonin system in nemopsychiatric disorders using knockout mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 155 1-10 Giorgo O, Corda MG, Carbon G, Frau V, Valentini V, Di Chiara G (1997) Effects of cocaine and morphine in rats from two psychogenetically selected rat lines a behavioral and brain dialysis study. Behav Genet 27 537-546... 

Westerink, Ben H. C, Johan Tuntler, Geert Damsma, Hans Rollema, and Jan B. de Vries. 1987. "The Use of Tetrodotoxin for the Characterization of Drug-Enhanced Dopamine Release in Conscious Rats Studied by Brain Dialysis." Naunyn-Sehmiedeberg s Archives of Pharmacology 336 502-7. 

A consensus value from this carefully designed study from McNay and Sherwin is that 1.25 mM glucose be included in microdialysis sampling perfusion fluids used for brain dialysis. This consensus matches previously reported values obtained using NMR techniques.95... 

Di Chiara G, Acquas E, Carboni E (1991) In P. Willner and J. Scheel-Kruger (eds) Role of mesolimbic dopamine in the motivational effects of drug brain dialysis and place preference studies. In The mesolimbic dopamine system from motivation to action. John Wiley and Sons Publ., Chichester, UK... 

Adell A, Carceller A, Artigas F. In vivo brain dialysis study of the somatodendritic release of serotonin in the raphe nuclei of the rat. Effects of 8-hydroxy-2-(di- -propylaminojtctralin. JNeurochem 1993 60 1673-1681. 

De Lange ECM, De Boer AG, Breimer DD (2000) Methodological issues in microdialysis sampling for pharmacokinetic studies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 45 125-148 Elmquist WF, Sawchuk RJ (1997) Application of microdialysis in pharmacokinetic studies. Pharm Res 14 267-288 Evrard PA, Deridder G, Verbeeck RK (1996) Intravenous microdialysis in the mouse and the rat development and pharmacokinetic application of a new probe. Pharm Res 13 12-17 Jacobson I, Sandberg M, Hamberger A (1985) Mass transfer in brain dialysis devices a new method for the estimation of extracellular amino acids concentration. J Neurosci Methods 15 263-268... 

Di Chiara G (1990) In-vivo brain dialysis of neurotransmitters. Trends Pharmacol Sci 77(3) 116—121. 

Radhakishun FS, van Ree JM, Westerink DHC (1988) Scheduled eating increases dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens offood-deprived rats as assessed with on line brain dialysis. Neurosci Lett 55 351-356. 

Besides the basic apparatus for microdialysis perfusions, fraction collection, and HPLC analysis, several additional instruments and devices are needed, depending on where the microdialysis probe is to be implanted. The most complicated instrumental setup is probably that required for brain dialysis. A stereotaxtic instrument and a stereomicroscope are necessary for precise positioning of microdialysis cannulae into various brain structures. Inhalation anesthesia is preferable and more convenient than injections. However, this type of anesthesia calls for additional equipment, such as air lines, valves, and mixing chamber for halothane or other anesthetic gases, as well as good ventilation of the operation theater. 

Hamberger A, Berthold C-H, Jacobson I, Karlsson B, Lehmann A, Nystrbm B, Sandberg M (1985) In vivo brain dialysis of extracellular non transmitter and putative transmitter amino acids. In In Vivo Perfusion and Release of Neuroactive Substances, A Bayon and R Drucker-Collins, Eds., pp. 119-139. Academic Press, New York. 

Johnson RD, Justice JB (1983) Model studies for brain dialysis. Brain Res Bull 10 567-571. 

Timmerman, W. Tepper, P.G. Dijkstra, D. Stoelwinder, H. Grol, C.J. Westerink, B.H. Horn, A.S. (1991) Enantiomers of monohydroxy-2-aminotetralin derivatives and their activity at dopamine autoreceptors as studied by brain dialysis. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 199, 145-151. 

Lerma J, Herranz AS, Herreras O, Abraira V, Martin del Rio R (1986) In vivo determination of extracellular concentration of amino acids in the rat hippocampus. A method based on brain dialysis and computerized analysis. Brain Res iS4 145-155. 

The analysis of a large number of neurotransmitters and their metabolites as TMS denvatives has been excellently reviewed by Abramson and coworkers (1974). The electron impact (El) spectra of all the TMS-amino acids have also been reviewed (Iwase et al., 1979) In neurochemical studies, a number of workers have used the TMS derivatization procedure to measure tissue GABA (Cattabeni et al., 1976, 1977 Holdiness et al., 1981 Haseyawa et al, 1981). TMS-glutamate has been found to be extremely valuable for GC-MS analysis in the Cl mode with ammonia as the reagent gas (Dessort et al, 1982). An example of the use of TMS derivatives to monitor glutamate and aspartate release in brain dialysis experiments is presented in Fig. 4. 

Hig. 5. Tlio spectrum of primtiry aminos collected by brain dialysis of the dorsolateral geniculate nucleus of the cat in vivo during nonstimulaled conditions. These were collected both before and after the local stimulation that was delivered through an electrode attached to the dialysis sampling probe. The elution gradient, time-scale, and other... 

Sharp T, Carlsson A, Zetterstrbm T, Lundstrom K, Ungerstedt U. Rapid measurement of dopamine release using brain dialysis combined with microbore FIPLC. Ann NY Acad Sci 1986 473 512-5515. 

Ungerstedt, U., Herrera-Marschitz, M., JungneUus, U., St e, L., Tossman, U. and Zetterstrom, T., Dopamine synaptic mechanisms reflected in studies combining behavioral recordings and brain dialysis. Adv. BioscL, 37, 219—231 (1982). 

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