Petroleum Producs

In terms of consumption in the Eastern vs the Western Hemisphere, the data in Table 4 show that not only is most of the world s petroleum produced in the Eastern Hemisphere (71%), but it is also consumed largely in that region (65%), with 8.5% in Japan alone. The surplus production in the Eastern Hemisphere (597 x 10 m /d (3.8 x 10 bbl/d)) is consumed in the Western Hemisphere, mosdy in North America. The Western Hemisphere thereby produces 29% of the world s total production, or about 82% of the petroleum that it consumes. 

Jones, L. W., Corrosion and Water Technology for Petroleum Producers, Oil and Gas Consultants International Inc., Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1988. 

Historically, viscosity measurements have been the single most important method to characterize fluids in petroleum-producing applications. Whereas the ability to measure a fluid s resistance to flow has been available in the laboratory for a long time, a need to measure the fluid properties at the well site has prompted the development of more portable and less sophisticated viscosity-measuring devices [1395]. These instruments must be durable and simple enough to be used by persons with a wide range of technical skills. As a result, the Marsh funnel and the Fann concentric cylinder, both variable-speed viscometers, have found wide use. In some instances, the Brookfield viscometer has also been used. 

From the level of an individual petroleum producer, however, the situation is much murkier. Such firms face fhree key uncertainties when making their strategic plans ... 

Coke is obtained by destructive distillation or carbonization of bituminous coal, coal-tar pitch and petroleum produced during petroleum cracking. Coke from bituminous coal is used to reduce iron ore in blast furnaces and to produce synthesis gas. Petroleum coke or that obtained from coal-tar pitch is used in electrolytic reduction of aluminum oxide to aluminum and in the preparation of several metal carbides.. ... 

The Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers Hydrate Guidelines (King et al., 1994) suggest three safety concerns in dealing with hydrate blockages ... 

Maddin, C.M. Marine Toxicity and Persistence of Surfactants Used in the Petroleum Producing Industry in Proc. Internat. Conf. Health, Safety and Environment, Society of Pe-... 

Canada s land mass has experienced dynamic changes over tens of millions of years. Climatic conditions, along with the deposition of countless remains of organisms, created the areas in which petroleum is found today. These areas are called sedimentary basins. Where are the sedimentary basins Are they all active sites for oil and gas extraction How much oil and gas do scientists estimate there is How do Canada s reserves compare with those of other petroleum-producing nations Go to the web site above to "tap" into Canada s and the world s petroleum resources. Goto Science Resources, then to Chemistry 11 to find out where to go next. Decide on a suitable format in which to record your findings. 

Yet another application of solid-state catalysis occurs in the desulfurization of petroleum. Natural petroleum includes various molecules that contain sulfur atoms. Combustion of this petroleum produces S02, which must be removed from the exhaust to prevent air pollution. One way to prevent pollution by S02 is to remove the sulfur from the petroleum before it is used for fuel—the desulfurization of petroleum. One type of sulfur containing molecules found in petroleum are thiols, which can be written R—SH, where R represents a molecular fragment containing a long chain of carbon atoms. In desulfurization the goal is to remove the sulfur from this molecule to produce a hydrocarbon (R—H) ... 

A number of studies of the carcinogenicity of dermal application of crude oil to animals have been reviewed by IARC (1989c), which concluded that there is limited evidence for the carcinogenicity of crude oil to experimental animals. A cohort study of U.S. petroleum-producing and pipeline workers, and case control studies that included exposure during crude oil exploration and production, were evaluated by IARC (1989c), which concluded that there is inadequate evidence for the carcinogenicity of crude oil in humans. 

Anticipating a future shortage of petroleum and acknowledging the uncertainty of continuing to obtain this vital resource from some of the major petroleum producing countries have caused an increased world interest in the extraction of liquid fuels from oil shale. This interest is evidenced by the exploration for new deposits, reevaluation of known deposits, new research studies of oil shale conversion, and the development of new retorts and retorting technology. However, there has been little, if any,... 

Anomalously high values for the ratios of reserves to production are obtained here during the early stages of development of a new large petroleum producing area. North Sea oil (see text). 

The major petroleum producing areas of the world do not coincide very closely with the major consuming areas, so that much ocean shipping activity today involves tanker movement of oil. When the producing area is accessible to the consuming area by a land route, or for the transport of oil to or from an oil port to a refinery, a pipeline is normally used. For smaller quantities, segregated products, or shorter distances, small tanker ships, tank trucks, or rail tank cars are generally used. 

Petroleum, or crude oil, was discovered in the United States (Pennsylvania) in 1859 and in the Middle East (Iran) in 1908. It has been found in many other locations since these initial discoveries and is now pumped from the ground in many parts of the world. Petroleum consists mainly of hydrocarbons. Small amounts of organic compounds containing nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen are also present. Each oil field produces petroleum with a particular set of characteristics. Distillation of petroleum produces several fractions. 

Butadiene, produced in petroleum refineries Butylene, produced in petroleum refineries Coke, petroleum produced in petroleum refineries Ethylene, produced in petroleum refineries... 

Gases, liquefied petroleum produced in petroleum refineries... 

Naphtha, produced in petroleum refineries Naphthanic acids, produced in petroleum refineries Oils, partly refined sold for rerunning—produced in petroleum refineries Oils fuel, lubricating, and illuminating— produced in petroleum refineries Paraffin wax, produced in petroleum refineries Petroleum, produced in petroleum refineries Petroleum refining Propylene, produced in petroleum refineries Road materials, bituminous produced in petroleum refineries... 

Canada is another petroleum producer in North America. In comparison with other petroleum producers, Canada is considered to be the biggest non-conventional resource base (consisting of oil sands deposits in northern Alberta) in the world. 

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