Flavonoids, chemistry

Study. Its flavonoid chemistry is particularly well documented, the enzymology and genetics of the flavonoid pathway are well understood, and the molecnlar biological tools are available. 

C-type pigmentation were observed in the northern part of the range of L. californica. Populations exhibiting (predominantly) A-type flavonoid chemistry occurred in Arizona and central and southern California. The study area at Jasper Ridge belongs to the latter group. 

A detailed study of the flavonoid chemistry of the island endemics, the closely related G. tinctoria, and live additional species from the mainland provided additional evidence pointing toward G. tinctoria as the ancestral species (Pacheco et al., 1993). The flavonoid profiles of all species consisted of flavonol glycosides as major components with an unidentified flavone glycoside and several unidentified phenolic compounds (presumably not flavonoids). The pattern of distribution of the flavonol glycosides and unidentified flavones within the set of nine species proved to be extremely informative. (The phenols were ubiquitous and are not considered further.) Kaempferol glycosides were seen in neither the island species nor G. tinctoria, but were present, in several combinations, in the rest of the mainland taxa. The isorhamnetin glycosides showed the reverse pattern, with one exception the island endemics and G. tinctoria exhibited these compounds, whereas four of the other mainland species did not. The sole exception is G. boliviari, which exhibited one of the isorhamnetin derivatives. 

Chrysosplenium enjoys a distribution that qualifies it for inclusion in several categories in this review. Members are known from northern Enrope, North America, eastern Asia (principally Japan), and extreme southern Sonth America. The similar flavonoid chemistry of the eastern North American-western North American species pair C. americanum and C. glechomaefolium was mentioned earlier, along with comments on apparent flavonoid differences between sections Alternifolia and Oppositifolia. 

Glennie, C. W., Harborne, J. B., Rowley, G. D., and Marchant, C. J. 1971. Correlation between flavonoid chemistry and plant geography in the Senecio radicans complex. Phytochemistry 10 2413-2417. 

Correlations between flavonoid chemistry, anatomy and geography in the Restiona-... 

Porter, L. J. 1981. Geographic races of Conocephalum (Marchantiales) as defined by flavonoid chemistry. Taxon 30 739-748. 

Yong, J. Y. and Bohm, B. A. 1999. Flavonoid chemistry of Blennospermatinae, a transpacific disjunct subtribe of Senecioneae (Asteraceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 216 231-241. 

Andersen, 0.M. and Markham, K.R., Flavonoids Chemistry, Biochemistry and Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, PL, 2006. 

Jay M, Viricel MR, Gonnett JF (2006) C-Glycosylflavonoids. In Anderson DM, Markham KR (eds) Flavonoids chemistry, biochemistry, and applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 857-915... 

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