Surplus, production

In terms of consumption in the Eastern vs the Western Hemisphere, the data in Table 4 show that not only is most of the world s petroleum produced in the Eastern Hemisphere (71%), but it is also consumed largely in that region (65%), with 8.5% in Japan alone. The surplus production in the Eastern Hemisphere (597 x 10 m /d (3.8 x 10 bbl/d)) is consumed in the Western Hemisphere, mosdy in North America. The Western Hemisphere thereby produces 29% of the world s total production, or about 82% of the petroleum that it consumes. 

Tbe necessity to achieve shorter press times is omnipresent within the wood industry, based on the constant pressure on costs and prices. Increased production rate gives the chance to reduce production costs, as long as the market takes up the surplus products. 

Raw materials for obtaining benzene, which is needed for the production of alkylbenzenes, are pyrolysis gasoline, a byproduct of the ethylene production in the steam cracking process, and coke oven gas. Reforming gasoline contains only small amounts of benzene. Large amounts of benzene are further produced by hydrodealkylation of toluene, a surplus product in industry. 

Two major trends in the industrialised world are the demand for convenience food and awareness of the need for healthy eating patterns. The trend is away from generic foods towards processed products, for example, as we have seen, there is a growing demand for organic frozen desserts and items such as frozen pizzas. Many supermarkets see a potential for surplus products in freezing and canning surplus produce (FAO, 2002). The popularity of functional or healthy foods is also a potentially lucrative area for organic produce, especially dairy products. 

The occurrence of the set-up procedure in period i is denoted by the binary variable Wi (0 = no, 1 = yes). The production costs per batch are denoted by p = 1.0 and the cost for a set-up is y = 3.0. Demands di that are satisfied in the same period as requested result in a regular sale Mi with a full revenue of a = 2.0 per unit of product. Demands that are satisfied with a tardiness of one period result in a late sale Mf with a reduced revenue of aL = 1.5 per unit. Demands which are not satisfied in the same or in the next period result in a deficit Bf with a penalty of a = 0.5 per unit. The surplus production of each period is stored and can be sold later. The amount of batches stored at the end of a period is denoted by Mf and the storage costs are a+ =0.1 per unit. The objective is to maximize the profit over a horizon of H periods. The cost function P contains terms for sales revenues, penalties, production costs, and storage costs. For technical reasons, the model is reformulated as a minimization problem ... 

More circling is involved in the consideration of money. There is a problem of establishing where the money comes from to back up the aggregate demand. Luxemburg considers Marx s example of capitalists A, that produce a surplus product of capital goods, and capitalists B, that consume this surplus product. The problem is that to get the money to purchase from the A s, the B s must also sell their surplus products. But who could have bought their surplus product It is obvious that the difficulty is simply shifted from the As to B s without having been mastered (ibid. 143). 

The costs for additional product qrralities in the environmental and health area can thus hardly be passed on in the market for mass products with indus-trial/commercial customers (constmction materials, chemical base substances) if need be with latent surplus production, so long as these are individual precursors. 

This question assumes a policy decision of no change in the total agricultural land area and of an increasing proportion of organic farming (Table 5-1). This, of course, implies a decrease in food produetion but for certain reasons this is not important for the persons asking this question, e.g. due to surplus production. 

Overall, we estimate that surplus production capability in the region will expand from the current level of about 5.4 million long tons per year to about 9 million long tons per year by 1990. 

The bacteria will remain nitrogen limited as long as BCD is smaller than the carbon supply rate y/c + (C N)sy/N. The surplus production of organic carbon would accumulate at a rate R ... 

An alternative view of the ethanol question is would crop producers be willing to sell a portion of their surplus production at a price that ethanol producers would be willing to pay in the absence of a subsidy program That question is particularly pertinent when producers must store their surplus production for some period of time before it is sold in a primary market. The net price received by producers in those markets declines with the length of time that the surplus production is held in storage. Hence,... 

This broad leWew highlights the innovative dynamism of the petrochemical industry which, despite the crisis, has succeeded in improving its techniques to adapt them to the economic circumstances. While this remark is optmustic, the difihcultles of the future must not be underestimated the shift of the centers of production to the oil produdng countries, the absorptioD of surplus production capacity, market redistribution, and the development of new products. 

Figure 5.34. Coal surplus (production minus required supply for each country, whenever this quantity is positive). The figure shows average flows in W per of land area for each country (Sorensen, 1999).

This was indeed also the case, and to an even higher degree, in the ancient mode of production which depended on slavery. But the ancients never thou t of transforming the surplus-product into capital. Or at least only to a very limited extent. (The fact that the hoarding of treasure in the narrow sense was widespread among them shows how much surplus-product was completely idle.)They used a large part of the surplus-product for unproductive expenditure on art, religious works and public works. Still less was their production directed to the release and development of the material productive forces - division of labour, machinery, the application of the powers of nature and science to private production, ... 

After biosynthesis of the polyester and separation of the bacterial biomass from the supernatant, the required recovery process (typically a solid-liquid extractiOTi procedure) can constitute another not negligible cost factor, especially in large-scale production. Here extraction solvents that can easily be recycled will be of interest [53]. In order not to leave the patterns of sustainability in biopolymer production, it will be indispensable to concentrate the development of new extraction processes on such recyclable solvents that are also of environmentally sound nature [54], Typical harmful chlorinated solvents like chloroform must be avoided. A PHB production process embedded in an ethanol production plant has the advantage to utilise the medium chain length alcohol fraction (fusel alcohols) from the distillery step, consisting mainly of iso-pentanol. The application of the fusel alcohols as extracting solvents unites two important points On the one hand, this liquid normally constitutes a surplus product that has little market value. When used as an extraction solvent the costs for alternative solvents are saved. Furthermore, this extraction solvent is less harmful to handle than the classical extraction solvent chloroform [27],... 

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