Neoplasias

Evidence for metallic debris accumulating in distant organs has also been confirmed by Langkamer et al [12] who identified wide spread dissemination of particulate wear debris from hip prosthesis to lymph nodes, fiver, and spleen. He reported increases above normal levels in these organs of 30 fold for aluminum, chromium, and iron in the lymph node, and 10 fold in the spleen and fiver. 

Perhaps one of the greatest concerns with debris dissemination locally and within the systemic circulation is the possibility of inducing malignant neoplasia. This is thought to be possible by one of two mechanisms  

Some of the more common malignant tumors of musculoskeletal origin are osteosarcoma (OS) of bone and malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFA) of soft tissue. 

Osteosarcoma is the most common tumor of bone it occurs in children, adolescents and, less frequently, in adults. OS may also occur as a consequence of radiation therapy or in Paget s disease, an ostensibly benign bone embrittling disease of the elderly. It frequently appears about the knee (distal femur proximal tibia), and in the proximal femur and proximal humerus. 

MFA is the most common primary malignant tumor of soft tissues and can occur in bone in adults over the ages of 50-55. The more common soft tissue type usually involves the large muscular areas of the body, including the thigh, buttock and upper arm and shoulder. 

Evolution of Immunophenotypic Profile of Non-Neoplastic B-Cells at Different Stages of Differentiation 

HLA-DR, s-IgM, s-IgG, s-IgA, bcl-6  

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Another natural product, mizoribiae (39), a nucleoside antibiotic produced by the fungus Eupenicillium brefeldianum has cytotoxic and immunosuppressive activity. It has been evaluated for use ia renal transplantation and neoplasia (68). 

These three nitrofurans have been used therapeutically for over 30 years with no reports of human neoplasia and the relevance of the animal findings to short term therapy in humans has not been estabUshed. 

Persistent effects do not resolve, and may even become more severe after removal from the source of exposure. They can occur as a consequence of acute or repeated-exposure conditions. Thus, the use of the term persistent should be clearly differentiated from the implication of the use of the description of an effect as chronic. It should be noted, however, that some chronic effects may be persistent an example is malignant neoplasia. 

Skin. The skin may become contaminated accidentally or, in some cases, materials may be deHberately appHed. Skin is a principal route of exposure in the industrial environment. Local effects that are produced include acute or chronic inflammation, allergic reactions, and neoplasia. The skin may also act as a significant route for the absorption of systemicaHy toxic materials. Eactors influencing the amount of material absorbed include the site of contamination, integrity of the skin, temperature, formulation of the material, and physicochemical characteristics, including charge, molecular weight, and hydrophilic and lipophilic characteristics. Determinants of percutaneous absorption and toxicity have been reviewed (32—35,42,43,46—49). 

The prophylactic stimulation of the immune system using vaccines and bacterins is time-consuming. Of even greater value would be the abiUty to activate the system to combat a disease attack already underway, or to be able to increase the response to abnormal cells and neutralize neoplasia in any organ of the body. Several compounds, some unique entities and some already in use for other purposes, have shown potential utiUty as such nonspecific immune stimulants. 

Agents which enhance the host s response against neoplasias or force them to differentiate are termed biological response modifiers. Examples include interleukin 2 which is used to treat renal cell carcinoma, interferon a which is active against hematologic neoplasias, and tretinoin (all-trans retinoic acid) which is a powerful inducer of differentiation in certain leukemia cells by acting on retinoid receptors. Side effects include influenza like symptoms, changes in blood pressure and edema. 

Diorganotin(lV) clinical treatment of certain types of neoplasias placed platinum complexes was reported. Crowe et reported the results of... 

Ehtesham M, Yuan X, Kabos P, Chung NH, Liu G, Akasaki Y, Black KL, Yu JS (2004) GUoma tropic neural stem cells consist of astrocytic precursors and their migratory capacity is mediated by CXCR4. Neoplasia 6 287-293... 

Weinberg E.D. (1984) Iron withholding a defence against infection and neoplasia. Physiol Rev, 64, 65-107. 

ISSA J p, OTTAVIANO Y L, CELANO P, HAMILTON S R, DAVIDSON N E and BAYLIN S B (1994) Methylation of the oestrogen receptor CpG island links ageing and neoplasia in human colon , Nat Genet, 1, 536-40. 

WATTENBERG L (1981) Inhibition of carcinogen-induced neoplasia by sodiiun cyanate, tert-butylisocyanate and benzyl isothiocyanate administered subsequent to carcinogen exposure . Cancer Res, 41, 2991-4. 

In all these studies, isothiocyanates appeared to reduce the risk of neoplasia preferentially amongst persons genetically deficient in GSTTl and GSTMl. 

DESCHNER E E, RUPERTO J, WONG G and NEWMARK H L (1991) Quercithin and rutin as inhibitors of azoxymethanol-induced colonic neoplasia . Carcinogenesis (Oxford), 7, 1193-6. 

SPARNINS V L, BARANY G, WATTENBERG Lw. (1988) Effects of organosulfur compounds from garlic and onions on benzo[a]pyrene-induced neoplasia and glutathione S-transferase activity in the mouse. Carcinogenesis. 9 131-4. 

ROE F J c, LEE P N, CONYBEARE G, et al, (1995) The Biosure Study influence of composition of diet and food consumption on longevity, degenerative diseases and neoplasia in Wistar rats studied for up to 30 months post weaning. Food Chemicals Toxicol. 33 Suppl 1 IS-IOOS. 

Epidemiologic studies of the macroenvironment focused on the diet and the long incubation period have led us to postulate that long-lasting disturbances in the normal gastric mucosa may determine the final outcome of the neoplastic transformation W. This explains the present interest in precursor lesions rather than in cancer itself. We, therefore, need to scrutinize the gastric microenvironment and attempt to point out the components that may be relevant to neoplasia. The microenvironment could be considered to be determined by three basic elements ... 

Wood, S.,et ah, Erythrosine is a potential photosensitizer for the photodynamic therapy of oral plaque biofihns, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 57, 680, 2006. Hurlstone, D.P., et ah. Indigo carmine-assisted high-magnification chromoscopic colonoscopy for the detection and characterisation of intraepithelial neoplasia in ulcerative colitis a prospective evaluation. Endoscopy, 37,1186, 2005. 

Weinbeig, E.D. (1992). Iron depletion - a defense against intracellular infection and neoplasia. LifeSci. 50, 1289-1297. Yamauchi, R, Miyake, N., Kato, K., and Ueno, Y. (1993). Reaction of tocopherol with alkyl and alkylpcroxyl radicals of methyl linoleate. Lipids 8, 201-206. 

Taylor GN, Lloyd RD, Mays CW, et al. 1992. Promotion of radiation-induced liver neoplasia by ethanol. Health Phys 62(2) 178-182. 

Till KJ, Lin K, Zuzel M, Cawley JC. The chemokine receptor CCR7 and a4 inte-grin are important for migration of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells into lymph nodes. Neoplasia 2002 99 2977-2984. 

Bell W. R. The fibrinolytic system in neoplasia. Semin Thromb Hemost 1996 22,459-78. 

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