Inducing power

P = power input P = electrical loss P = induced power and P = thermal loss. 

Fig. 1. Induction furnace efficiency. Typical characteristics of a 1000 kW furnace. Example Pe = 15% of Po and Pt = 100 kW. Pn - useful power PQ = power input Pe = electrical loss Pi = induced power and Pt = thermal loss.

We shall refer in a general way to the A term ((2 ) as the induoibility of A, and to the B term (Afi) as the inducing power of B. In principle, this expression should be summed over all CT states of the appropriate symmetry, and over all states r, s of the chelate system. However, we shall see that there are physical reasons which lead to dominant contributions from particular states. 

The Inducing Power. The inducing power is characteristic of the chelate system, and because of the dependence on transition moments connecting the excited states also cannot strictly be determined empirically. Some conclusions may, however, be drawn immediately. 

C(6) The inducing power is of opposite sign for the V and L configurations of the chelate system. 

C(7) A series of complexes with the same chelate system will be characterized by the same inducing powers. 

The inducing power may be directly interpreted as a hyperpolarizability term of the chelate system, so that it is unlikely to be much affected by the details of the metal-ligand bonding. 

It is actually possible to simplify the form of the inducing power in terms of the moment representations defined earlier. Assuming an octahedral geometry of the metal-ligating atom system, and considering initially extended pi-system chelates for which the transitions are mainly long- or short-axis polarized, the inducing powers are readily shown to reduce to the form... 

For ligand systems such as dipy, phen, the CD spectra of the chelate systems suggest that the the terms of equation 28 should be the dominant factors leading to the d-d CD. The equality (in magnitude) of the inducing powers in equation 27, and also of those in equation 28, follows from the D symmetry of the chelate system, and may be taken as a general feature of D systems. It is this factor that leads to conclusion C(5) of the previous section. 

A (7) The ign o f the inducing power ii independent of the detailed itructure of the chelate, and determined only by the overall, configuration of the complex. 

Under suitable conditions the amine component (43 R = H) for peptide syntheses by a stereoselective Ugi reaction must be a good chiral template, i.e. it must have strong asymmetric inducing power, and it must be endowed with a group that is cleavable from the 4CC product (86) under mild conditions. The search for a suitable chiral amine component (43 R = H) has been the most challenging subproblem in the development of peptide syntheses by stereoselective Ugi reactions. P ... 

The (S)-serine derived methyl ( R)-2- erJ-butyl-2,3-dihydrooxazole-3-carboxylate reacts with ethyl diazoacetate under bis(2,4-pentanedionato)copper catalysis to afford the expected bi-cyclic product in good yield54, but in this case the inducing power exhibited by the bulky 2-tm-butyl group is rather weak (diastereofacial selectivity 70 30). However, the major diastereomer can be easily separated by chromatography and selective saponification to give the enantiomerically pure cyclopropanecarboxylic acid. 

Fifth, for comparable reactor configurations, a Th/ U fuel system will have a greater stability relative to xenon-induced power oscillations than will a fuel system. The stability is... 

Resistivity can be measured using a four-point probe [26] placed directly on the concrete surface. The probe consists of four equally spaced point electrodes that are pressed on the surface (Figure 16.12). Usually a small amount of conducting liquid is applied locally to improve the contact between electrode tips and the concrete surface. The two outer point electrodes induce the measuring current (usually with an AC current at a frequency of between about 100 and 1000 Hz (avoiding the exact values 100, 150 Hz, etc., which may induce power line interference) and the two inner electrodes measure the resulting potential drop of the electric field. The measured resistance R is given by AE/AI and the resistivity of the concrete, p, is calculated as ... 

The figure of merit for a rotor is a simple ratio of the ideal power to the actual power required to hover. While the ideal power is simply a function of thrust and velocity, the actual power accoimts for both the ideal power and the profile power. Neglecting induced power (the power needed to overcome the drag that results from changes in the flow caused by the lift), the figure of merit for a hovering rotorcraft then becomes... 

If the induced power is accounted for, the figure of merit can instead be expressed as... 

Crosstalk coupling The ratio of the power in a disturbing circuit to the induced power in the disturbed circuit, observed at a particular point under specified conditions. Crosstalk coupling is typically expressed in dB. 

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