Nasal irritation

In additional EPA studies, subchronic inhalation was evaluated ia the rat for 4 and 13 weeks, respectively, and no adverse effects other than nasal irritation were noted. In the above-mentioned NTP chronic toxicity study ia mice, no chronic toxic effects other than those resulting from bronchial irritation were noted. There was no treatment-related increase ia tumors ia male mice, but female mice had a slight increase in bronchial tumors. Neither species had an increase in cancer. Naphthalene showed no biological activity in other chemical carcinogen tests, indicating Htde cancer risk (44). No incidents of chronic effects have been reported as a result of industrial exposure to naphthalene (28,41). 

The threshold of a toxic dose in adult humans is about 0.2—0.5 g Ba the lethal dose in untreated cases is 3—4 g Ba, LD q about 66 mg/kg (47). The fatal dose of barium chloride for humans is reported to be between 0.8 and 0.9 g (0.55—0.60 g of Ba) (50). However, for most of the acid-soluble salts of barium, doses greater than 1 g have been tolerated (51). Lethal doses are summarized in Table 5. Dusts of barium oxide are considered potential dermal and nasal irritants (52). 

Repeated 6-hour exposures can result in stinging eyes, and facial skin and nasal irritation... 

The nurse notifies the primary health care provider if milk drips from the breast before or after breastfeeding or if milk drips from the opposite breast during breastfeeding because there would be no need to continue drug therapy. The primary health care provider is notified if nasal irritation, palpations, or uterine cramping occurs. 

The intranasal formulation is the preferred route of administration owing to ease of administration and fewer adverse effects, which mainly are local in nature. Adverse effects associated with the intranasal formulation include rhinitis, nasal irritation, and dryness. Hypersensitivity can develop with either formulation and should be considered before administering to patients with a suspected risk of hypersensitivity. 

Guinea pig 0.2 mg/L air Ocular and nasal irritation, asphyxic convulsions, death within 1 h 20... 

The largest number of studies of the toxicity of acrolein in animals was conducted by way of inhalation, probably because acrolein has an appreciable vapor pressure under ambient conditions and inhalation is the principal exposure for humans (Beauchamp et al. 1985). Because of their intolerance to sharp and offensive odor and to intense irritation of conjunctiva and upper respiratory tract, humans have not suffered serious intoxication from acrolein. The strong lacrimatory effect of acrolein is usually a warning to occupational workers. Physiological perception of acrolein by humans begins at about 500 to 1000 pg/L air with eye and nasal irritation. The irritating effects compel afflicted individuals to immediately leave the polluted area (Beauchamp etal. 1985). Laboratory animals died from inhalation of 8000 to 11,000 pg/L after 4 to 6 h, mice from 875,000 pg/L after 1 min, and rats from 660 pg/L for 24 days (Table 10.4). Animals dying from... 

The design of vaginal, rectal, and nasal irritation studies is less formalized, but follows the same basic pattern as the primary dermal irritation test. The rabbit is the preferred species for vaginal and rectal irritation studies, but the monkey and dog have also been used for these (Eckstein et al., 1969). Both the rabbit and rat have commonly seen use for nasal irritation evaluations. Defined quantities (typically 1.0 ml) of test solutions or suspensions are instilled into the orifice in question. For the vagina or rectum inert bungs are usually installed immediately thereafter to continue exposure for a defined period of time (usually the same period of hours as future human exposure). The orifice is then flushed clean, and 24 h after exposure it is examined and evaluated (graded) for irritation using the scale in Table 11.1. 

Respiratory Effects. Initially, respiration is stimulated, but later dyspnea occurs in patients admitted to a hospital after acute hydrogen cyanide exposure (Chen and Rose 1952 Peden et al. 1986 Potter 1950). The levels of exposure in these accidental poisonings were not provided. Nasal irritation was reported in volunteers exposed to 16 ppm cyanogen (8 ppm cyanide) for 6-8 minutes (McNemey and Schrenk 1960). No effects were reported at 8 ppm cyanogen (4 ppm cyanide). 

In view of the high toxicity of (II), it seemed that the sulphur analogue, dimethylaminosulphonyl fluoride (VI), might be of some interest. We therefore studied the fluorination of dimethylaminosulphonyl chloride. The reaction with potassium fluoride was incomplete, and that with zinc fluoride unsatisfactory, but that with antimony trifluoride using benzene as a solvent proved to be very satisfactory, and an 80 per cent yield of (VI) was obtained. Physiological examination showed that (VI) caused no irritation when small animals were exposed to a concentration of 1 mg./l. for 10 min., and no deaths took place. With the sulphonyl chloride at the same concentration, lacrimation and nasal irritation were caused no deaths were recorded, and all the animals recovered almost immediately on being removed from the chamber. 

In a study in which female Harlan Wistar rats were exposed for 1 hour to a phenol aerosol at a concentration of 234 ppm, then held for 2 weeks post-exposure, Flickinger (1976) observed signs of nasal irritation during exposure. However, all animals were normal by the post-exposure day 1, and no abnormal lesions were observed upon gross autopsy. No histopathology was performed thus, this study is not presented as a LOAEL for rats. 

Symptoms of exposure Strong lachrymator and nasal irritant. Eye contact may damage cornea. Skin contact may cause delayed pulmonary edema (Patnaik, 1992). An irritation concentration of 1.25 mg/m in air was reported by Ruth (1986). Inhalation of acrolein at a concentration of 153 ppm for 10 min resulted in death (quoted, Verschueren, 1983). 

Symptoms of exposure Inhalation of vapors may cause visual disturbance, nasal irritation, coughing, and at high concentrations, respiratory distress (Patnaik, 1992). 

Hamsters repeatedly exposed to 4500 ppm for 3 months had growth retardation, ocular and nasal irritation, increased erythrocyte counts, and severe histopathological changes in the respiratory tract. ... 

Toxicology. Acetylene tetrabromide is an eye and nasal irritant, central nervous system depressant, and hepatotoxin. 

Under normal conditions of exposure borates are primarily irritants of the skin and respiratory system. Workers exposed to anhydrous sodium tetraborate complained of nasal irritation, nose bleeds, cough, shortness of breath, and dermatitis. Exposure levels were not measured, but total dust levels were described as high enough to obscure visibility in production areas. In another study of borax workers, symptoms of acute respiratory irritation including dryness of the mouth, nose, or throat, cough, nosebleeds, and shortness of breath were related to exposures of 4mg/m or more. ... 

Repeated exposure of rats to an aerosol at a concentration of 470mg/m for 10 weeks caused only mild nasal irritation repeated exposure of rats to 77mg/m for 23 weeks resulted in elevated creatinine and boron content of the urine in addition to increased urinary volume. Conjunctivitis resulted when the dust was applied to the eyes of rabbits, probably the result of the exothermic reaction of boron oxide with water to form boric acid topical application of boron oxide dust to the clipped backs of rabbits produced erythema that persisted for 2-3 days. ... 

Exposure of human volunteers for 5 minutes to concentrations of 5-160 ppm caused complaints of irritation of the nose and throat, nausea, and metallic taste moderate eye irritation occurred at 80 ppm. Exposed workers have complained of nasal irritation, nausea, headache, malaise, and weakness. Signs and symptoms included decreased blood pressure, increased pulse rate, tremor, anxiety, and evidence of chemical irritation from skin contact. Laboratory findings suggested slight bone marrow depression. 

The irritant effects are probably due primarily to its alkalinity, but dehydrating and thermal effects also may be contributing factors. Strong nasal irritation was observed from exposure to a mixture of dusts containing calcium oxide in the range of 25mg/m but levels of 9-lOmg/m produced no observable irritation. Inflammation of the respiratory tract, ulceration and perforation of the nasal septum, and pneumonia have been attributed to inhalation of calcium oxide dust severe irritation of the upper respiratory tract ordinarily causes persons to avoid serious inhalation exposure. ... 

Inhalation of 5 ppm by rats caused eye and nasal irritation. In rabbits, the LD50 for skin absorption was 0.022 ml/kg for 30% chloroacetaldehyde in water solution. This solution on the skin or in the eyes of rabbits produced severe damage. 

In humans, eye and nasal irritation occur at 2 00 ppm, and at that level the odor is pronounced and unpleasant industrial experience indicates that occasional short exposures are not likely to produce more than minor skin irritation, but prolonged or frequently repeated... 

Cyanide solutions or cyanide aerosols generated in humid atmospheres have been reported to cause irritation of the upper respiratory tract (primarily nasal irritation) and skin. Skin contact with solutions of cyanide salts can cause itching, discoloration, or corrosion, most likely due to the alkalinity of the solutions. Skin irritation and mild systemic symptoms (e.g., headache, dizziness) have been caused by solutions as dilute as 0.5% potassium cyanide. ... 

In guinea pigs, concentrations of 500-1000 ppm were fatal after 5-8 hours of exposure effects were immediate lacrimation and nasal irritation, followed by unsteadiness and coma autopsy findings were pulmonary edema, pulmonary hemorrhage, and occasional complete consolidation. Fatalities occurred when 300mg/kg was applied dermally to guinea pigs as a pure liquid for 24 hours. 

Rats exposed to 500 ppm 6 hours daily for 5 days exhibited marked eye and nasal irritation, and a number of animals had corneal opacity by the end of the third day the mortality rate was 20%, and at autopsy, findings were acute purulent bronchiolitis and bronchopneumonia. Exposure to 25 ppm for 14 days caused respiratory tract epithelial hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia, and clinical rales. ... 

Concentrations expected to be hazardous to humans are disagreeable and not tolerated in addition, concentrations above 2 00 ppm (40% saturated atmosphere) are difficult to attain, suggesting that these levels would not normally be encountered in the work environment. Vapor concentrations reported as 3 00 ppm caused eye and nasal irritation in humans. No evidence of skin irritation or sensitization was observed when the undiluted liquid was applied to the skin of 250 subjects for prolonged periods or after repeated applications. ... 

In human subjects, inhalation of 400 ppm for 5-10 seconds caused intolerable nasal irritation 2 00 ppm caused tingling of the face and slight nasal irritation 100 ppm was inoffensive. ... 

In humans, a concentration of 330ppm caused slight irritation of the eyes and rapidly increasing nasal irritation. No chronic systemic effects have been reported in humans. Rats survived 4 hours of inhalation at 4000 ppm, but 8000 ppm was fatal to five of six animals. Cats exposed to 5000 ppm for 20 minutes showed eye irritation 10,000 ppm for 80 minutes caused narcosis followed by death. Pulmonary edema and death were observed in dogs exposed to 10,000 ppm for 4 hours. When applied to the skin of mice, ethyl formate showed no evidence of tumorigenic activity in 10 weeks. ... 

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