Nasal delivery local irritation

Nicotine Nasal Spray (Nicolrol NS) [Smoking Deterrent/ Cholinergic] Uses Aid to smoking cessation, relieve nicotine withdrawal Action Systemic delivery of nicotine Dose 0.5 mg/actuation 1-2 sprays/h, 10 sprays/h max Caution [D, M] Contra Life-threatening arrhythmias, unstable angina Disp Nasal inhaler SE Local irritation, tach, HA, taste p v sion Interactions T Effects W/ cimetidine, black cohosh t effects OF catecholamines, cortisol T hemodynamic AV blocking effects OF adenosine EMS See Nicotine Gum OD See Nicotine Gum... 

Nasal delivery is inefficient in terms of the amount of drug actually delivered to the body and to increase its efficiency, penetration enhancers must be added that may cause local irritation. 

Side effects specific to nicotine delivery systems are mainly caused by local irritation at the site of administration. For example, nausea, indigestion, sore gums, and mouth ulceration may occur when using the gum. The patches may cause skin irritation, which is characterized by erythema, pruritus, edema, and rarely, vesicles. The nasal spray may cause irritation of the nasal mucosa, sneezing, coughing, and lacrimation, although tolerance to these effects develops rapidly with continued use. Side effects from the inhaler include mild mouth and throat irritation and coughing (181). 

The quest for acceptable insulin delivery via the nasal route has not been very successful as the problems of low bioavailabilily, local irritation, and probable toxicity in long-term use are unresolved despite the huge efforts that have been made. The major problem, which seems very hard to solve, is to reach an adequate biological availability. A common concern is also that local disease, such as the common cold or chronic rhinitis, might impede the efficiency of intranasal absorption and alter the systemic availability. 

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