Carbon sp-hybridized

The vinyl H2C=CH radical can be produced by cleavage of a C-H bond in ethene, and has been studied in the gas phase. The unpaired electron clearly occupies a carbon sp hybrid orbital, to lapse into the language of descriptive organic chemistry, but there are regions of space where the, 6-spin electrons have... 

Conformational isomerism in propane Propane is a three-carbon- (sp -hybridized) atom-containing linear alkane. All are tetrahedrally arranged. When a hydrogen atom of ethane is replaced by a methyl (CH3) group, we have propane. There is rotation about two C-C cr bonds. 

In molecular orbital terms the CO moleeule is described as CO(KK(Zdipole moment of the n electrons, and also accounts for the readiness with which the CO molecule coordinates with metals to form the carbonyls. 

This information may be interpreted in terms of the unpaired electron being confined to a carbon sp hybrid orbital (4ai) built up by carbon 2s and 2p and oxygen 2p atomic orbitals. The 2pj character of the 4ai molecular orbital can be estimated by comparison with the integral ... 

Figure 1.12 The structure of ethane. The carbon-carbon bond is formed by a overlap of two carbon sp hybrid orbitals. For clarity, the smaller lobes of the sp hybrid orbitals are not shown.

Carbon-carbon single bonds in alkanes are formed by hybrid orbitals. Rotation is possible around a bcaid.s because of their cylindrical... 

A carbene, R2C , is a neutral reactive intermediate that contains a divalent carbon surrounded by six electrons— the lone pair and two each from the two R groups. These three groups make the carbene carbon sp hybridized, with a vacant p orbital extending above and below the plane containing the C and the two R groups. The lone pair of electrons occupies an sjP hybrid orbital. 

There are two electrophilic centers in the 1-chloroalky-loxycarbonyl derivatives (designated A and B in scheme 70). Center B is a carbon sp hybridized and is softer than the carbonyl group, center A. 

There are now eight different spatial orbitals, hybrid orbitals, the other four being close to atomic hydrogen s-orbitals. The expansion of each of the VB orbitals in terras of M the basis functions located on the nuclei allows the orbitals to distort from the pure atomic shape. The SCVB wave... 

Fig. 8.5 Carbon sp hybrid orbitals (with their axes defining angles of 109° 27 ) appropriate to the v.b. description of the four equivalent CH bonds of CH4.

Signals considered to be representative of linear carbons (sp hybridization) are located at about 2000-2100 cm In this case the broad band found in our samples can be composed by a convolution of cumulene and polyyne-like structures [14]. 

Figure 4.5 shows time profiles of carbon sp hybridization for representative trajectories of (3,3), (5,5) and (10, 10) SWCNTs. The counts are affected by the previous two factors, namely the creation of C fragments (sp hybridized species), and the formation of non-hexagonal, n-membered rings. Wobbling C2 units and C2 fragments appear in these plots as sp carbon atoms. Free carbon atoms, having no... 

Simple atom types aromatic carbon , carbon sp hybridized or any oxygen , etc. Between 10 and 20 atom types are used. 

FIGURE 10.7 Formation of four bonds between the carbon sp hybrid orbitals and the hydrogen Is orbitals in CH4. 

Fig. 1-4 Pairing of two carbon sp,-hybrids to form a single carbon-carbon bond in ethylene.

Carbon dioxide, (a) Overlap of carbon sp hybrid orbitals with oxygen 2px orbitals to give a bonds O—C—O. (b) The two tt molecular orbitals of the molecule formed from unused 2py and 2pz orbitals. 

If we consider the carbon atom to be sp hybridised from 2s+2px orbitals, then we could have a linear O—C—O framework containing a bonds, by overlap of the two carbon sp hybrid orbitals with the two oxygen 2px orbitals. This is illustrated in Figure 20a. 

The two p orbitals on the central carbon (sp hybridized) are perpendicular to each other. One of these perpendicular p orbitals is parallel to the p orbital on one of the terminal carbons and the other is parallel to the p orbital on the other carbon. Thus, the p orbitals of one tt bond are perpendicular to the p orbitals of the other tt bond. The molecule is not conjugated. 

The carbon which is the chirality center is adjacent to a carbonyl group. Enolization of this carbonyl group makes this carbon sp hybridized with trigonal planar geometry, so it is no longer a chirality center. Protonation of the enol can occur from either side, so both enantiomers of thalidomide are formed. 

These four MO s represent the highest occupied [ip(S) and ip (A)] and the lowest unoccupied [ip (S) and ip (A)] MO s of cyclopropane The letters S and A designate the symmetry with respect to a mirror plane indicated by the broken line. As indicated in Fig. 4 a more adequate description of the LUMO s of cyclopropane would be obtained by constructing them from carbon sp hybrids. 

Figure 2.6 The overlap of carbon sp hybrid orbitals in the xy plane of the butadiene molecule...

---