Other Organic Compounds

Nakajima et al. [128] used S-(4-pyridyl)-2-thiophenemethanol to derivatize four sets of carboxylic acids acetic (C2) to valeric (C5) and heptanoic (C7) dodecanoic (C 2), tetradecanoic (C]4), hexadecanok (Ci ) and octadecanoic (C g) and even bromobenzoic acid isomers and anisic acid isomers. A Cjg colunrn (2 = 300 nm, ex 360 nm, em) was used for all separations with the following methanol/waler mobile phases 30/70 100/0 for the short-chain aliphatics 100% methanol for the long- 

Although Barcelo et al. [129] focused on the performance of solid phase extraction materials, the analyte base of 22 aromatic sulfonates (e.g., benzenesul-fonate, 2-amino-1,5-naphthalenedisulfonate, 1,3-benzenedisulfonate, l-hydroxy-6-amino-3-naphthalenesulfonate, 2-napthalenesulfonate, diphenylamine-4-sulfonate) is extensive. Separation is achieved on a Cjg column using a complex 30-min 100/0 25/75 water (5mM triethylamine with 5mM acetic acid to pH 6.5)/ 

Mucoaldehyde, a suspected breakdown product of benzene, was resolved from its corresponding disubstituted acid/alddiyde, diacid, alcohol/aldehyde, and alcohol/ acid forms on a Cjg column (A = 265nm) using a 25-min 0/100-y 10/90 methanol/water (1% acetic acid) gradient. Elution was complete in 30 min but baseline resolution between all compounds was not obtained [130]. 

Fifteen carboxylic acids and phenolics were extracted from white wines and analyzed on a C g column (A = 210nm for tartaric, malic, lactic, and acetic acids 278 nm for gallic, protocatechuic, cafraric, p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, caffeic. 

Peroxycarboxylic acids (Cg, C9, C o, and C12) were baseline resolved in 12 min on a C g column (amperometric detector —0.27V vs. Ag/AgCl) using a 70/30 methanol/water (15 mM phosphate at pH 6) mobile phase [132]. Detection limits of 50 pM were elaimed. Interestingly, UV detection at 206 nm was also reported but, not surprisingly, excessive background (remember that the UV cutoff for methanol is typically 203-205 nm) precluded its effective use. 

According to Muetterties and Wright, tropolone (T). 1,2-diketocycloheptane, can form a cationic chelate with he.xacoordinated silicon, TsSi Cl , in acid solution (171). It can be crystallized from water but is unstable toward alkali. 

A cationic silicon chelate is also formed with 1-hydro.xypyridine yV-oxide. Gardner and Katrizky prepared 24 derivatives of this and the 1-amino analogue (172), and Weiss and Harvey made salts with different anions (173, 174). However, as described in Chapter 1 these chelates, which are apparently stable in water at low pH. decompose rapidly at higher pH. 

A polymer containing this A -oxide configuration. poly(2-vinylpyridine W-oxide), appears to combine with monosilicic acid according to Holt and Nasrallah (175), but this may involve hydrogen bonding. 

Chelates of silicon with triethanolamine are classed as atranes by Veronkov (176). These are essentially esters with an additional R group attached to the silicon atom which is coordinated with the nitrogen atom, as shown by the high dipole moment infrared and nmr spectra N(C2H 0)3Si-R. 

Hydroxy acids, such as tartaric, do not form complexes with silicon as they do with the larger germanium atom, according to Clark and Waddams (177), who examined a large number of mono- and polyhydroxy aliphatic acids, including those derived from sugar. 

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This method is also applicable to other organic compounds for which one should refer to the original publication. The average error is around 2%. 

Combustion in air is of course a chemical property of ethers that IS shared by many other organic compounds Write a balanced chemical equa tion for the complete combustion (in air) of diethyl ether... 

Whenever unvented combustion occurs iadoors or when venting systems attached to combustion units malfunction, a variety of combustion products win be released to the iadoor environment. Iadoor combustioa units include nonelectric stoves and ovens, furnaces, hot water heaters, space heaters, and wood-burning fireplaces or stoves. Products of combustion include CO, NO, NO2, fine particles, aldehydes, polynuclear aromatics, and other organic compounds. Especially dangerous sources are unvented gas and kerosene [8008-20-6] space heaters which discharge pollutants directly into the living space. The best way to prevent the accumulation of combustion products indoors is to make sure all units are properly vented and properly maintained. 

A. V. Topchiev, Nitration of Hydrocarbons and Other Organic Compounds., Peigamon Piess Ltd., Oxfoid, U.K., 1959. 

Certain organic compounds form reversible gels with poly(vinyl alcohol). Congo red, for example, yields a red gel that melts sharply at about 40°C. Other organic compounds that form temperature-reversible complexes with PVA include a2o dyes, resorcinol, catechol, and gaUic acid (168—170). 

Solubihties of 1,3-butadiene and many other organic compounds in water have been extensively studied to gauge the impact of discharge of these materials into aquatic systems. Estimates have been advanced by using the UNIFAC derived method (19,20). Similarly, a mathematical model has been developed to calculate the vapor—Hquid equiUbrium (VLE) for 1,3-butadiene in the presence of steam (21). 

Calcium carbide can be treated with water to produce acetjiene from which other organic compounds, eg, ethanol, acetaldehyde, may be obtained (6) (see... 

Yields of propylene chlorohydrin range from 87—90% with dichloropropane yields of 6—9%. The dichloropropane is not only a yield loss but also represents a disposal problem as few uses are known for this material. Since almost all the propylene chlorohydrin is dehydrochlorinated to propylene oxide with lime or sodium hydroxide, none of the chlorine appears in the final product. Instead, it ends up as dilute calcium or sodium chloride solutions, which usually contain small amounts of propylene glycol and other organic compounds that can present significant disposal problems. 

Cyclohexanoae is miscible with methanol, ethanol, acetone, benzene, / -hexane, nitrobenzene, diethyl ether, naphtha, xylene, ethylene glycol, isoamyl acetate, diethylamine, and most organic solvents. This ketone dissolves cellulose nitrate, acetate, and ethers, vinyl resias, raw mbber, waxes, fats, shellac, basic dyes, oils, latex, bitumea, kaure, elemi, and many other organic compounds. 

This table of the physical properties includes the organic compounds of most general interest. For the properties of other organic compounds, reference must he made to larger tables in Langes Handbook of Chemistiy (Handbook Publishers), Handbook of Chemistiy and Physics (Chemical Rubber Publishing Co.), Van Nostrand s Chemical Annual, International Ciitical Tables (McGraw-Hill), and similar works. 

Memanol water is an alcohol-base compound. It is less expensive than other organic compounds and, due to lower viscosity, has better heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics. It is used up to—35°C, Disadvantages are (I) considered more toxic than ethylene glycol and thus more suitable for outdoor applications (2) flammable and could be assumed to be a potential fire nazard. 

A principal use of 2-propanol is to make acetone, a solvent, and as a starting mater - m making other organic compounds. Smaller amounts of 2-propanol are convened to other cheii Is or used as a solvent, rubbing alcohol, or denaturing agent for ethyl alcohol. 

Straight-chain alkanes are named according to the number of carbon atoms they contain, as shown in Table 3.3. With the exception of the first four compounds—methane, ethane, propane, and butane—whose names have historical roots, the alkanes are named based on Greek numbers. The suffix -one is added to the end of each name to indicate that the molecule identified is an alkane. Thus, pentane is the five-carbon alkane, hexeme is the six-carbon alkane, and so on. We ll soon see that these alkane names form the basis for naming all other organic compounds, so at least the first ten should be memorized. 

In the early days of organic chemistry, the word aromatic was used to describe such fragrant substances as benzaldehyde (from cherries, peaches, and almonds), toluene (from Tolu balsam), and benzene (from coal distillate). It was soon realized, however, that substances grouped as aromatic differed from most other organic compounds in their chemical behavior. 

The reactivity of substituted aromatic compounds, more than that ol any other class of substances, is intimately tied to their exact structure. As a result, aromatic compounds provide an extraordinarily sensitive probe for studying the relationship between structure and reactivity We ll examine that relationship in this and the next chapter, and we ll find that the lessons learned are applicable to all other organic compounds, including such particularly important substances as the nucleic acids that control our genetic makeup. 

Propose a synthesis of diethylstilbestrol (Problem 2/.44) from phenol and any other organic compound required. 

The increased solubility of substituted phthalocyanines (vide infra) enables more common purifications as used for other organic compounds. Usually the purification is done by chromatography either on alumina or silica gel, but recrystallization and extraction procedures can also be used. In some cases, the methods used for unsubstituted phthalocyanines can also be practiced, although the increased molecular weight accompanied by a reduced thermal stability makes sublimation more difficult.97 98 However, for substituted phthalocyanines, the stability towards acid may be reduced97 and, therefore, purification by treatment with sulfuric acid cannot generally be recommended. 

Ammonia (NH3) also may be present in some boiler systems, either by design or by the breakdown of amines, hydrazine, and other organic compounds. It attacks components and equipment constructed of copper and brass. 

Therefore some indirect methods have been worked out to determine the value of ff=0.154,259 In particular (1) salting out of organic compounds from a surface-inactive electrolyte solution, (2) F"" for 1-pentanol or other organic compounds with a high attractive interaction constant a, and (3) dependence of the capacitance minimum on thiourea concentration. It should be noted that indirect estimates based on TU adsorption give... 

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