Municipal sewage sludge incinerator

In a similar study, Versar, Inc., in 1974-1975, demonstrated for EPA that DDT and 2,4,5-T formulations were destroyed in a municipal sewage sludge incinerator in Palo Alto, California (5). The pesticides were added to sludge (which contained 20% by weight of solids) to form a mixture that was 2 to 5% by weight in pesticides. Destruction efficiencies ranged from 99.95 to 99.99% for an average hearth temperature from 600 to 690°C and an afterburner temperature from 650 to 660°C. 

Edgerton et al. [26] determined atmospheric concentrations of PCDD/Fhomologs in ambient air from several sites in Ohio, south of Lake Erie, in 1987. Two sites were near municipal waste and sewage sludge incinerators. Total... 

CDDs have been measured in all environmental media including ambient air, surface water, groundwater, soil, and sediment. While the manufacture and use of chlorinated compounds, such as chlorophenols and chlorinated phenoxy herbicides, were important sources of CDDs to the environment in the past, the restricted manufacture of many of these compounds has substantially reduced their current contribution to environmental releases. It is now believed that incineration/combustion processes are the most important sources of CDDs to the environment (Zook and Rappe 1994). Important incineration/combustion sources include medical waste, municipal solid waste, hazardous waste, and sewage sludge incineration industrial coal, oil, and wood burning secondary metal smelting, cement kilns, diesel fuel combustion, and residential oil and wood burning (Clement et al. 1985 Thoma 1988 Zook and Rappe 1994). 

ND-9.4 ppt). The widespread occurrence of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in U S. urban soils at levels of 0.001-0.01 ppb suggests that local combustion sources, including industrial and municipal waste incinerators, are the probable sources of the trace 2,3,7,8-TCDD soil concentrations found in those locations (Nestrick et al. 1986). Soil samples collected in the vicinity of a sewage sludge incinerator were compared with soil samples from rural and urban sites in Ontario, Canada (Pearson et al. 1990). 

PCDD and PCDF Emissions from Incinerators for Municipal Sewage Sludge and Solid Waste-Evaluation of Human Exposure". 

These sources include a secondary copper smelting facility, a sewage sludge incinerator, and some municipal incinerators. These findings are presently being considered by EPA with regard to whether CDD should be listed as a hazardous air pollutant under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act. 

The major sources of PCDD and PCDF in the Great Lakes basin are low temperature municipal waste and sewage sludge incinerators, and leachate from past disposal practices, some of which were designed to contain wastes (6). All of these current source types are the result of engineering treatment designed to reduce the concentration of these compounds in discharges to water bodies. 

Environment Canada (1992) Utilization of ash from incineration of municipal sewage sludge - draft hterature review. Wastewater Technology Centre, Quebec, Canada, November 1992,p 25... 

Stationary sources Waste incineration Steel industry Recycling plants Energy production Municipal solid waste, clinical waste, hazardous waste, sewage sludge Steel mills, sintering plants, hot-strip mills Non-ferrous metals (melting, foundry Al, Cu, Ptx, Zn, Sn) Fossil fuel power plants, wood combustion, landfill gas... 

Origin / Industry Sources/Uses Prepared by the chlorination of biphenyl used in the electrical industry in capacitors and transformers used in the formulation of lubricating and cutting oils pesticides adhesives plastics inks paints sealants. Exposure Routes Inhalation of fume or vapor percutaneous adsorption of liquid ingestion eye and skin contact landfills containing PCB waste materials and products incineration of municipal refuse and sewage sludge waste transformer fluid disposal to open areas. 

Point sources of carbon disulfide include the biological degradation and incineration of wastes such as municipal refuse, sewage sludge, and industrial wastes (EPA 1975b). Monitoring of air over the North Atlantic Ocean found the highest levels of carbon disulfide off the New Jersey/New York coast, downwind of industrial pollution sources in the northeastern United States (Cooper and Saltzman 1993). 

Table 16.14 provides an analysis of some of the elements present in deposits found on surfaces associated with the incineration of a mixture of municipal waste and sewage sludge [Tsados 1986]. Some of the metals may be present in the deposit as a result of corrosion, but the high level of chlorine can only have originated from the waste (i.e. from the PVC). The SOf content of this deposit was found to be 2.2% by weight. 

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