Multi-purpose applications

U. Caduff, H. Schweren, H. Kittel, Low cost angle sensors for multi-purpose applications, SAE Conference, Detroit, Michigan, March 6-9, 2000 ... 

The second important point is the new chance to perform small-scale production tasks in a dedicated plant and not in a multi-purpose plant. The continuous process becomes a serious competitor to multi-purpose processes. It is a known problem of multi-purpose-plants that only part of the installed equipment is in use. Manpower is needed to run the plant and to rebuild the plant for the next product. Plants containing microstructured devices can be designed for multi-purpose applications, but the range of difference in use is usually smaller, since a typical microreactor is less flexible than a batch vessel. The decrease in flexibility is usually small compared with... 

Innovative design of the plant arrangement and advanced construction concept adopted to minimize cost, to shorten the construction schedule and to meet safety, operational and maintenance criteria Multi-purpose applications. 

The HR-200 is a kind of small sized reactor for heating supply initially and it is used also for multi-purpose applications. Some other work have been or will be finished by INET in order to improve NHR s economic benefits and load factor. These studies mainly include as the follows ... 

According to the primary economic analysis, the capital cost for HR-200 is about US 110 Million estimated in 1991. The heat generation cost of HR-200 is competitive with that of coal-fired plant under the Chinese condition. Considering the NHR multi-purpose applications, nuclear heating could be more competitive in economic. 

The unit power, the design and operating characteristics of the ABV reactor installation offer an opportunity to create a compact power unit meeting the requirements for simple and safe operation and multi-purpose applications. 

The 4S (super-safe, small and simple) is a nuclear power plant with a sodium cooled small reactor without on-site refuelling. Being developed as distributed energy source for multi purpose applications, the 4S offers two outputs of 30 MW(th) and 135 MW(th), respectively. These energy outputs have been selected from demand analyses [XIV-1]. 

The Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI, Japan) is developing a small-sized Super-Safe, Small and Simple liquid metal cooled reactor (4S-LMR), which is a sodium cooled nuclear reactor of 50 MW(e) being designed for use as a distributed energy source with multi-purpose applications. Design development for the 4S-LMR is performed jointly with the Toshiba Corporation (Japan). 

KLT-40 is barge-mounted NPP for multi-purpose application (see Fig. 2), including Co-generation of electricity and heat for district heating ... 

Mathematica, Interactive Physics, Spartan, and Odyssey are all available with protocols and content (sometimes from third parties) for subject-specific topics. The learning objectives, however, go beyond those of specific content. Being very different from memorization aids, method-based learning environments have at least the potential to familiarize students with the process and the principles of science. It is precisely the use of a multi-purpose tool that makes students invoke the generic reasoning skills, both qualitatively and quantitatively, that are the hallmark of a scientifically literate mind. Sometimes there is value in using fewer applications for more purposes ... 

There are also serious side effects to fabric physical properties from flame-retardant finishing that must be recognised, often caused by the high application levels of the flame retardants. Harsh hand, loss of tensile suength and colour effects (fabric yellowing and dye shade changes) are common problems with durable flame-retardant finishes for cotton. The combination with other finishes, such as softeners, easy-care and repellent finishes, must be carefully tested. The flame retardancy of the multi-purpose finish is more often reduced than it is acceptable. 

Typical performance is a selectivity higher than 90% at a conversion in the 50-90% range, mainly depending on the type of substrate. Substituted pyridines yield better selectivities at high conversion than the equivalent alkylaromatics. The nature and position of the substituents in substituted alkylaromatics also play an important role in determining selectivity and activity. The commercial application of this technology is mainly hindered by the relatively small plant necessary for these products as compared to full-scale processes. The further implementation of the process of alkylaromatic catalytic ammoxidation would thus require the development of multi-purpose small-size continuous plants using small fluidized bed-reactors (to better control temperature and allow easier substitution of the catalyst). 

A robot (the name comes from the Czech word robota , which means work or servant [2]) can be defined as an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multi-purpose, manipulative machine with several degrees of freedom, which may be either fixed in place or mobile for use in automation applications [4] or, more loosely, as a multipurpose machine which, like a human, can perform a variety of different tasks under conditions that may be unknown a priori [5]. The different types of robots currently available can be classified according to physical features such as hardware construction, degrees of freedom, coordinate system or level of sophistication and technology [6],... 

Conventionally, an extractor is designed to separate a specific compound in the most economical way. However, for multi-product applications the extractor should contain sufficient stages for each component of (future) interest. It was found with the multistage model that if a multi-purpose extractor with 50 stages is built, all systems with oCop >1.5 can be succesfully separated, and with 30 stages, all systems with oCop > 2.0. Any excess stages for a certain component opens possibilities to increase the capacity or reduce costs in that specific separation. The multistage model can be used as a tool for optimization. 

To take away the mystery from the word supercritical, it should be recognized that a supercritical fluid can be used like any other solvent for maceration and percolation processes. The only restriction is that it must be handled under high pressure, a fact that requires a special and expensive design of the extraction apparatus. This obvious disadvantage however is compensated by many benefits as demonstrated below. Supercritical C02-extraction of botanical materials is today a well-developed and reliable procedure applied on an industrial scale for about 20 years. The equipment is available turn-key from various suppliers in multi-purpose design or tailor made for special applications. 

Cimcool Cimstar 60 [MilacronJ. TMfor a general purpose semi-synthetic metalworking fluid with extreme pressure additive for a variety of multi-metal applications. 

Super tractor universal oils (STUOs), widely used in Europe and some other areas, are the extreme of multi-purpose lubricants. They arise from tractor hydraulic oils used for various hydraulic applications of agricultural machinery with added lubricant properties. STUOs have considerable advantages in reducing the number of oils required on a farm and reduce the possibility of wrong fluids in wrong reservoirs or machinery. Bulk purchases of one oil reduce unit costs against the costs of purchasing multiple hydraulic oils and lubricants. 

A key concept in CONDEA s product development process is the controlled scale-up or new products from laboratory to commercial production. The gap between pilot production cmd full scale commercial production, typical for the manufacturing industry, is being bridged by a flexible multi-purpose semi-commercial unit of approx. 1200 mt per year capacity, where large scale conunercial samples can be manufactured during the developmental stage. This concept reduces scale-up factors to a reasonable ratio and helps to shorten the development of new raw materials for catalytic applications. 

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