Plant arrangement

The innovative features, such as passive, gravity-driven ECCS, simplified RCS, digital I C, optimized plant arrangement, and modular construction methods, characterize the AP600 design. These changes result in fewer systems, equipment, operations, inspections, maintenance, and QA requirements (Table 6.1-7). Features of the AP-6(K) are as follows ... 

All process plants require both steam and electric power in their operations. Power is cither purchased from local utility companies or generated at the plant site. Even if power is generated by the process plant, arrangements for standby power from the local utility must be made for emergency purposes. Steam is rarely purchased but is generated at the plant for use in the process and as a driving medium for pumps and compressors. 

Figure 1. Plants arranged on the edges of containers so that half of each root grew in adjacent containers. Nutrient solution in first and third containers from the left and distilled water in the second and fourth. Reproduced with permission from Ref. 3. Copyright 1968, Crop Science Society of America.

The design simplification is built on the premise that all plant variants share a common reactor system, an aerodynamically and mechanically similar line of helium gas turbines used for electricity production and the IS process system for hydrogen production in a common plant arrangement as shown in Figure 4.20. Note that the hydrogen plant along with... 

The following are possible process modifications and plant arrangements [7] that could help reduce wastewater volumes, contaminant quantities, and treatment costs ... 

Figure 5.4. Sketch of pilot plant arrangement for testing pneumatic conveying under positive pressure (Kraus, Pneumatic Conveying of Bulk Materials, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1980).

The author asserts that an isothermal plant arrangement (process integration therefore not applicable) is essential for greater thermodynamic efficiency, and hopefully for cheapness. An equilibrium diagram for such a plant is shown in Figure A.4. The plant is arranged so that exergy is supplied as electrical power and not by combustion heat, an entirely theoretical concept, and therefore a difficult development problem, for Methanex, Air Products and Ballard. 

For small plants, with extractor volumes of less than 200 liters, equipment can mounted on a single skid. For medium size plants (200 liter to 2,500 liter extractor volume) the plant arrangement consists of an interconnected group of modular functional skids. Very large plants (over 2,500 liter extractor volume) involve erection in the field, rather than prior assembly of modules and skids. 

Figure 6. GTHTR300C and GTHTR300H commercial plant arrangement...

The equations underlying ASVAM will now be set down for the plant arrangement of Figure 10.1. First we calculate the frictional loss in velocity heads in the same way as laid down for VHIM in Section 10.2 for the upstream section of pipe, the downstream section and the valve (equations (6.58), (7.36) and (7.25)), and then find the total frictional head loss, Kt, from equation (10.1). 

It will always be worth attempting to reduce the complexity of any extensive flow network by applying the rules for parallel and series networks as outlined in the previous two sections. However, there are many plant arrangements where this approach can only proceed... 

The plant arrangement shall be such as to eliminate disorder, crowding and the potential risks of cross-contamination and mix-ups between different drugs, components, printed packaging and labelling materials. Operations shall be performed within designated and defined areas of adequate... 

Expense can rise rapidly with poor access to equipment or difficult-to-erect piping. Available crane and construction clearances, access width and location requirements and difficult construction points must be checked for each plant arrangement. In some arrangements, increased structural and piping cost for simpler construction is more than offset by the saving in construction cost. 

The plant layout determines the main yard piping runs. Fig. 7-53 shows yard piping layouts resulting from various plant arrangements. Smaller plants have usually the simplest yard piping as shown on sketches A and B. On sketch A, process... 

To carry out the analysis of the peach production costs in the province of Forli-Cesena the cultivar Redhaven, the most widespread type of peach in the area, has been used (Bertazzoli et al, 1996). The average farm size is about 3 hectares (ha), managed by independent fanners and specializes in fruit growing. The planting arrangement is the palmette. 

The block flow diagram (Fig. 98) illustrates the plant arrangement for the simultaneous production of all three main products indicated above—power, hydrogen, and methanol— together with the possibility of manufacturing pure carbon monoxide as well. Although, in practice, a plant would rarely be required for all four products, two product schemes are by no means uncommon. 

Innovative design of the plant arrangement and advanced construction concept adopted to minimize cost, to shorten the construction schedule and to meet safety, operational and maintenance criteria. 

A proposed plant arrangement for the ceramic processing operation is depicted in Figure 3. The equipment is vertically arranged to aid powder transfer, and the total height of the arrangement is about 10 to 15 m tall. 

The overhead product of the third column is an azeotropic mix of higher alcohols, cyclohexane and water which is fed to a second phase separator. The light phase in this separator, consisting essentiaUy of cyclohexane, is recycled to the second column whereas the aqueous phase is fed either to the first column or to the first phase separator. The diagram does not show the equipment to handle the cyclohexane and to remove the residual alcohol from the waste water. This plant arrangement yields a product containing less than 0.1 wt. % of water. 

Simple plant arrangement, the total membrane area is installed in one stage, no need for intermediate heat exchangers,... 

Under the restriction that the very compact plant arrangement could only be changed slightly, successful additional provisions were taken as follows ... 

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