Monograph

As significant new data on subjects on which monographs have already been prepared become available, re-evaluations are made at subsequent meetings, and revised monographs are published. 

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The method proposed in this monograph has a firm thermodynamic basis. For vapo/-liquid equilibria, the method may be used at low or moderate pressures commonly encountered in separation operations since vapor-phase nonidealities are taken into account. For liquid-liquid equilibria the effect of pressure is usually not important unless the pressure is very large or unless conditions are near the vapor-liquid critical region. 

For typical conditions in the chemical industry, the effect of pressure on liquid-liquid equilibria is negligible and therefore in this monograph pressure is not considered as a variable in Equation (2). 

The calculation of single-stage equilibrium separations in multicomponent systems is implemented by a series of FORTRAN IV subroutines described in Chapter 7. These treat bubble and dewpoint calculations, isothermal and adiabatic equilibrium flash vaporizations, and liquid-liquid equilibrium "flash" separations. The treatment of multistage separation operations, which involves many additional considerations, is not considered in this monograph. 

Useful, engineering-oriented monograph with a variety of numerical examples. 

Equation (12), applicable at low or moderate pressures, is used in this monograph for typical vapor mixtures. However, when the vapor phase contains a strongly dimerizing component such as carboxylic acid. Equation (7) is not applicable and... 

The boundary between condensable and noncondensable components is somewhat arbitrary, especially because it depends on the range of temperatures where calculations are made. In this monograph we consider only common volatile gases (e.g. N2,... 

In this monograph, the reference pressure is set equal to zero for all components. ... 

Since parameters for many fluids of interest are not given in this monograph, it may be necessary to estimate the required parameters T, P, R, y, and n. ... 

Equations (2) and (3) are physically meaningful only in the temperature range bounded by the triple-point temperature and the critical temperature. Nevertheless, it is often useful to extrapolate these equations either to lower or, more often, to higher temperatures. In this monograph we have extrapolated the function F [Equation (3)] to a reduced temperature of nearly 2. We do not recommend further extrapolation. For highly supercritical components it is better to use the unsymmetric normalization for activity coefficients as indicated in Chapter 2 and as discussed further in a later section of this chapter. 

In this monograph we use for g the UNIQUAC model of Abrams (1975) as slightly modified by Anderson (1978)... 

The critical temperature of methane is 191°K. At 25°C, therefore, the reduced temperature is 1.56. If the dividing line is taken at T/T = 1.8, methane should be considered condensable at temperatures below (about) 70°C and noncondensable at higher temperatures. However, in process design calculations, it is often inconvenient to switch from one method of normalization to the other. In this monograph, since we consider only equilibria at low or moderate pressures in the region 200-600°K, we elect to consider methane as a noncondensable component. 

Examples of main programs calling subroutines FLASH and ELIPS for vapor-liquid and liquid-liquid separation calculations, respectively, are described in this Appendix. These are intended only to illustrate the use of the subroutines and to provide a means of quickly evaluating their performance on systems of interest. It is expected that most users will write their own main prograns utilizing FLASH and ELIPS, and the other subroutines presented in this monograph,to suit the requirements of their separation calculations. 

I. Langmuir, Colloid Symposium Monograph, The Chemical Catalog Company, New York, 1925, p. 48. 

G. G. Amoroso and V. Fassina, Stone Decay and Conservation, Materials Science Monograph 11, Elsevier, 1983. 

As may be gathered, the held of ion-exchange adsorption and chromatography is far too large to be treated here in more than this summary fashion. Refs. 195 and 196 are useful monographs. 

We have considered briefly the important macroscopic description of a solid adsorbent, namely, its speciflc surface area, its possible fractal nature, and if porous, its pore size distribution. In addition, it is important to know as much as possible about the microscopic structure of the surface, and contemporary surface spectroscopic and diffraction techniques, discussed in Chapter VIII, provide a good deal of such information (see also Refs. 55 and 56 for short general reviews, and the monograph by Somoijai [57]). Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFT) are now widely used to obtain the structure of surfaces and of adsorbed layers on a molecular scale (see Chapter VIII, Section XVIII-2B, and Ref. 58). On a less informative and more statistical basis are site energy distributions (Section XVII-14) there is also the somewhat laige-scale type of structure due to surface imperfections and dislocations (Section VII-4D and Fig. XVIII-14). 

As on previous occasions, the reader is reminded that no very extensive coverage of the literature is possible in a textbook such as this one and that the emphasis is primarily on principles and their illustration. Several monographs are available for more detailed information (see General References). Useful reviews are on future directions and anunonia synthesis [2], surface analysis [3], surface mechanisms [4], dynamics of surface reactions [5], single-crystal versus actual catalysts [6], oscillatory kinetics [7], fractals [8], surface electrochemistry [9], particle size effects [10], and supported metals [11, 12]. 

Rather sophisticated techniques have developed for both microscopies, too involved to discuss here. E)etails may be found in monographs such as Ref. 25, and references cited in Section VlII-2. 

J. A. Rabo, ed.. Zeolite Chemistry and Catalysis, ACS Monograph 171, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1976. 

The material in this section can be found in many textbooks and monographs. Our treatment follows that in [1,2 and 3]. 

The treatment of equilibrium solvation effects in condensed-phase kmetics on the basis of TST has a long history and the literature on this topic is extensive. As the basic ideas can be found m most physical chemistry textbooks and excellent reviews and monographs on more advanced aspects are available (see, for example, the recent review article by Tnihlar et al [6] and references therein), the following presentation will be brief and far from providing a complete picture. 

Bonham R A and Fink M 1974 High Energy Electron Scattering (ACS Monograph 169) (New York Van Nostrand Reinhold) oh 5... 

The most recent comprehensive text concentrating on the entire Periodic Table. Individual elements are also covered from time to time in monographs and reviews, e.g. in Progress in NMR Spectroscopy. 

NMR basic principles and progress specialised monograph giving detailed descriptions of specific areas of solid state NMR. 

The standard monograph for those seeking an introduction to EPR spectroscopy. Frieboiin H 1993 Basic One- and Two-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy (New York VCH) A basic introduction to NMR spectrai anaiysis. 

A number of excellent books have been written on SPMs in general. These include the collections edited by Wiesendanger and Grintherodt [5] and Boimell [6] as well as the monographs by Wiesendanger [7], DiNardo [81 and Colton 191. 

In this section, we will discuss general optimization methods. Our example is the geometry optimization problem, i.e., the minimization of (q). However, the results apply to electronic optimization as well. There are a number of usefiil monographs on the minimization of continuous, differentiable fimctions m many variables [6, 7]. 

Liquid crystal phases possess characteristic textures when viewed in polarized light under a microscope. These textures, which can often be used to identify phases, result from defects in tire stmcture. Compendia of micrographs showing typical textures exist to facilitate phase identifications [37, 38]. These monographs also discuss tire origins of defect stmctures in some detail. 

Furtlier details of PDLCs can be found in tire excellent monograph by Drzaic [121]. A review of tire non-linear optical properties of PDLCs has also been presented [1241. 

Recent monographs provide access to tabulations of such thennodynamic quantities [50, 51]. 

The production of organic polymeric particles in tire size range of 30-300 nm by emulsion polymerization has become an important teclmological application of surfactants and micelles. Emulsion polymerization is very well and extensively reviewed in many monographs and texts [67, 68], but we want to briefly illustrated tire role of micelles in tliis important process. 

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