The Contents of This Monograph

The content of this monograph is expected to be relevant to chemical regulators, the chemical industry and other stakeholders. It is intended to be applicable across the full range of chemical applications, including pesticides, food additives, industrial chemicals and byproducts, and other contaminants. 

The research on coffee chemistry has been particularly active during the last 50 years and the scientific literature on the subject is extensive. The content of this monograph is limited to the identification and the characteristics of the compounds present in the volatiles of green and roasted coffees. The mechanisms of formation of the flavor during roasting will not be extensively developed, the browning reactions... 

Therefore, the authors will be grateful for all remarks (including the critical ones) on the content of this monograph. 

There are several books that overlap with the contents of this monograph. However, as far as they are concerned with solid state reactions, they have either been written some time ago or they are quite voluminous and nonselective. Thus, I can only hope that I have supplied chemists and metallurgists with an useful guide to cope with some of their problems. 

The objective of this monograph is to describe and interpret the time dependence of the electrical response of dielectrics. Interpretation is difficult because the observable relationship between polarization and field is simple in the cases relevant for dielectric relaxation and because the measurements have relatively little information content. The response of the dielectric can be described by a set of linear differential equations and many models can be described which correspond to the same differential equations. When the dielectric relaxation of a given material has been measured the investigator is in the position of a man presented with a black box which has two terminals. He may apply alternating fields of various kinds and he may heat the box but he is not allowed to look inside. And he finds that the box behaves as if it contained a combination of capacitors and resistors. 

The contents of this book differ essentially from those of its predecessor. Only the first two chapters dealing with the general concepts and calculations of acidity, and the reaction of ampholytes, have been retained, with minor changes and additions. The remainder of this monograph is newly written. 

The content of this chapter and provided citations are organized for didactical purposes only and do not reflect the chronology of the research in the field and/or have no claim of completeness. The further interested reader is referred to monographs addressing different aspects of organic photovoltaics. ... 

A number of handbooks and monographs are available with detailed descriptions of a variety of plant products and their use (Shahidi and Naczk, 1995). From a more practical point of view, an interlaboratory comparison between six university and industry laboratories of 17 extracts of spices, teas, coffees, and grape skin and of tomato peel slurry established within the framework of an EU sponsored programme, would be of interest (Schwarz et al, 2001). In this collaboration, detailed chemical analysis of the content of different phenolic compounds is compared with six antioxidant assays for the 17 extracts including different extraction procedures. 

The monographs of the European Pharmacopoeia describe a so-called test for related substances which is intended to control the level of impurities. Reference substances may be used in this test in order to ensure the system suitability and/or to control the content of related substances. 

In case of reduced availability of an impurity a possible approach is to prepare a spiked sample , i.e. a known amount of impurity is added to the CRS and may serve in a system suitability test as well as for the control of the level of this impurity. An example is given in the monograph for chlorprothixene hydrochloride (Monograph 0815 1999) where the content of the E-isomer is controlled to a level of not more than 2 per cent, Figure 5.5. 

Non-specific absolute assay methods, e.g. volumetric titration, can be applied to avoid the establishment of a reference substance. This is only appropriate, however, when the monograph describes a separation test for related substances. This approach is certainly valid for the determination of the content of pharmaceutical raw materials but less acceptable for the assay of content of pharmaceutical preparations where the employment of specific assay methods is recommended (ICH Guideline 1994) to take account of decomposition of the active ingredient during the shelf life of the product and to avoid possible interference from excipients. 

Substances (impurities) which are not the subject of a monograph are usually synthesized or supplied by the manufacturer. In this case a purity in excess of 90.0 % is required provided that the reference substance is employed in a limit test. If the reference substance (impurity) is employed in a quantitative test then the purity requirement is normally better than 99.0 %. When it is less, then an assigned content must be established. 

Transfer the quantity of acetylated oil specified in the monograph, and accurately weighed, into a tared 125-mL Erlen-meyer flask, and add 10 mL of neutral alcohol, 10 drops of phenolphthalein TS, and 0.1 N alcoholic potassium hydroxide, dropwise, until a pink endpoint is obtained. If more than 0.20 mL is needed, reject the sample, and wash and test the remaining acetylated oil until its acid content is below this level. Prepare a blank for residual titration (see General Provisions), using the same volume of alcohol and indicator, and add 1 drop of 0.1 /V alkali to produce a pink endpoint. Transfer 25.0 mL of 0.5 N alcoholic potassium hydroxide into each of the flasks, reflux them simultaneously for 1 h, cool, and titrate the contents of each flask with 0.5 N hydrochloric acid to the disappearance of the pink color. Calculate the percentage of Total Alcohols (A) by the equation... 

To solve this problem, it was necessary not only to adapt the content of monographs to new needs... 

In this chapter the experimental practice of analytical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis will be set out. Analytical methods have been evolved to operate on a scale of say 1-10 /ig or 1000 counts per minute per component, though this can often be appreciably reduced. We shall not concern ourselves here with true micro-techniques, which function down to the level of the contents of a single cell in some cases, since these are of specialised interest, and have been fully dealt with in a recent and authoritative monograph on micro-methods in molecular biology (Neuhoff 1973). 

Comments some pharmacopeias, such as the USP 28, contain a monograph for modified lanolin. This material is lanolin that has been processed to reduce the contents of free lanolin alcohols and detergent and pesticide residues. It contains not more than 0.25% w/w of water. The USP 28 specifies that it may contain not more than 0.02% w/w of a suitable antioxidant. 

This chapter introduces biomolecular structures from a hioinformatics perspective, with special emphasis on the sequences that are contained in three-dimensional structures. The major goal of this chapter is to inform the reader about the contents of structure database records and how they are treated, and sometimes mistreated, by popular software programs. This chapter does not cover the computational processes used by structural scientists to obtain three-dimensional structures, nor does it discuss the hner points of comparative protein architecture. Several excellent monographs regarding protein architecture and protein structure determination methods are already widely available and often found in campus bookstores (e.g., Branden and Tooze, 1999). 

Anyone who examines the outline of Volume I and the Contents of Volume II will decide that this work does not cover the whole of colloid science. This may readily be conceded and was done deliberately. We have been conscious from the beginning that a sufficiently expert collaborator was not to be found within our circle for every branch I may mention the disperse systems in gaseous media as an example. In such cases we have deliberately waived the treatment of them. In addition there are branches about which excellent monographs exist as an example I may mention the application of the ultracentrifuge. In such cases we arranged to treat the subject only in so far as it demanded discussion in a general way and for the rest to refer to these monographs. 

Maiti et al. [2] thoroughly reviewed the technical literature up to the late 1980s related to the use of rosin and its derivatives as monomers or co-monomers in a variety of polymerization systems, as well as the properties of the ensuing polymers. Most of the documents cited in this monograph were patents unavailable to us, whose scientific content was therefore difficult to judge, but nonetheless, the interest of this survey lies in the fact that it emphasizes the extensive search of materials based on rosin. Some clear-cut investigations in this context are described here as typical examples of the exploitation of rosin and its derivatives as polymer precursors. 

---