THE MONOGRAPHS

This substance was considered by previous Working Groups, in October 1981 (lARC, 1982) and March 1987 (lARC, 1987). Since that time, new data have become available, and these have been incorporated into the monograph and taken into consideration in the present evaluation. 

Name 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester lUPAC Systematic Names Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate phthalic acid, bis(2-ethyl-hexyl) ester 

Synonyms Bis(2-ethylhexyl) 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate bis(2-ethylhexyl) ortho-phthalate DEHP dioctyl phthalate di-sec octyl phthalate ethylhexyl phthalate 2-ethylhexyl phthalate octyl phthalate phthalic acid di(2-ethylhexyl) ester phthalic acid dioctyl ester 

2 Structural and molecular formulae and relative molecular mass 

Description Light-coloured liquid with a slight odour (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1993 Verschueren, 1996) 

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We have considered briefly the important macroscopic description of a solid adsorbent, namely, its speciflc surface area, its possible fractal nature, and if porous, its pore size distribution. In addition, it is important to know as much as possible about the microscopic structure of the surface, and contemporary surface spectroscopic and diffraction techniques, discussed in Chapter VIII, provide a good deal of such information (see also Refs. 55 and 56 for short general reviews, and the monograph by Somoijai [57]). Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFT) are now widely used to obtain the structure of surfaces and of adsorbed layers on a molecular scale (see Chapter VIII, Section XVIII-2B, and Ref. 58). On a less informative and more statistical basis are site energy distributions (Section XVII-14) there is also the somewhat laige-scale type of structure due to surface imperfections and dislocations (Section VII-4D and Fig. XVIII-14). 

A number of excellent books have been written on SPMs in general. These include the collections edited by Wiesendanger and Grintherodt [5] and Boimell [6] as well as the monographs by Wiesendanger [7], DiNardo [81 and Colton 191. 

Different optimal control problems can be found in the monographs and papers (Khludnev, Sokolowski, 1997 Banichuk, 1980 Barbu, 1984 Cea, 1971 Lions, 1968a, 1968b Litvinov, 1987 Mignot, 1976 Fuel, 1987 Bock, Lovisek, 1987, Haslinger et ah, 1986). 

In their work on the monograph the authors were partially supported by the Russian Fund for Basic Research under grant 97-01-00896 and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. 

For reviews on furan chemistry see References 1, 4—7. The monograph by Dunlop and Peters (1), pubHshed in 1953 remains as the most comprehensive review of furan chemistry available. Unfortunately, it has never been revised, has been out of print for many years, and is not readily available. An excellent, review by Dean (7) covers advances in furan chemistry up through about 1982. 

The GeneralNlotices. These are the basic requirements for the appheation and interpretation of the tests and specifications that foUow in the USP-NF. Many of the terms used in the text are defined, and the majority of procedural questions that may arise within the monograph for each substance are answered. 

The Standard-Setting Process. Settiag USP-NF standards is a continuing, and by no means unilateral, process. The Committee of Revision not only develops monographs for new substances but also continually reviews the monographs, specifications, and testing methods for existing substances. Results are pubHshed in one or more supplements each year. A complete review is done every five years and a revision is pubHshed. 

The monograph on zinc is a valuable general reference on zinc technology (3). Furthermore, detailed descriptions of extractive processes, resource data, and environmental- and energy-related papers from symposia of the Metallurgical Society of the AIME are a rich source of information (4—7). 

J. D. Donaldson, S. J. Clark, and S. M. Grimes, Cobalt in Chemicals, The Monograph Series, Cobalt Development Institute, London, 1986. 

The couplings of other magnetic nuclei to nitrogen have been studied the reader should refer to Axenrod s chapter in the monograph of Witanowski and Webb for details bond coupling in quaternized heterocycles... 

The tautomerism of six-membered heterocycles has been referred to elsewhere (Section 2.01.1), in connection with the variety of aromatic structures available to heterocyclic compounds. In this section we consider the matter in more detail. For a fuller discussion the reader should consult the monograph by Elguero et al. (76AHC(S1)) which thoroughly covers work on the subject up to 1976. 

Details of bond lengths and bond angles for all the X-ray structures of heterocyclic compounds through 1970 are listed in Physical Methods in Heterocyclic Chemistry , volume 5. This compilation contains many examples for five-membered rings containing two heteroatoms, particularly pyrazoles, imidazoles, Isoxazoles, oxazoles, isothlazoles, thlazoles, 1,2-dlthloles and 1,3-dlthloles. Further examples of more recent measurements on these heterocyclic compounds can be found in the monograph chapters. 

Heterocyclics of all sizes, as long as they are unsaturated, can serve as dipolarophiles and add to external 1,3-dipoles. Examples involving small rings are not numerous. Thiirene oxides add 1,3-dipoles, such as di azomethane, with subsequent loss of the sulfur moiety (Section 5.06.3.8). As one would expect, unsaturated large heterocyclics readily provide the two-atom component for 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. Examples are found in the monograph chapters, such as those on azepines and thiepines (Sections 5.16.3.8.1 and 5.17.2.4.4). 

An extensive coverage of the general pressure and temperature variation of thermal conductivity is given in the monograph by Vargaftik,... 

Particle-Bubble Attachment. In the above, principles leading to creation of desired hydrophobicity/hydrophihcity of the particles has been discussed. The next step is to create conditions for particle-bubble contact, attachment, and their removal, which is simply described as a combination of three stochastic events with which are associated the probability of particle-bubble colhsion, probabihty of attachment, and probability of retention of attachment. The first term is controlled by the hydrodynamic conditions prevaihng in the flotation unit. The second is determined by the surface forces. The third is dependent on the s irvival of the laden bubble by liq ud t irbulence and impacts by the other suspended particles. A detailed description of the hydrodynamic and other physical aspects of flotation is found in the monograph by Schulze (19 ). 

The report gives eonsideration to the eontribution of the seientists from Russia to the development of XRF analysis in the period from 1999 to nowadays. The state of XRF in the earlier period was diseussed in the reviews. Presented in detail are only the most important advanees eonneeted to the speeial features of XRF method. The reviews and the monographs, published in this period, the Conferenees on XRF problems, held in Russia, the defended dissertations are separately diseussed (-380 papers, 5 monographs and 17 dissertations). The statistieal analysis of the publieations on XRF is presented (the distribution in the Russian and foreign journals and in the towns Moseow, Irkutsk, Novosibirsk, St. Petersburg and others). 

We extend our gratitude to the readers whose suggestions have helped to improve the monograph, and to those who have told us of their experiences with some of the purifications stated in the previous editions, and in particular with the hazards that they have encountered. We are deeply indebted to Dr M.D. Fenn for the several hours that he has spent on the terminal to provide us with a large number of CAS registry numbers. 

The Federal Ministry of Flealth (BGA) now publishes the drafts produced by the Commission E for consideration by people and bodies interested in the monographs and then publishes them in the Bundesanzeiger (BAnz) (Federal Gazette) after taking into... 

Although the information is important, especially for the manufacturer of phytophar-maceuticals, it should also interest the pharmacist and doctor which indications, contraindications, side effects, interactions, dosages, manner of use, and effects are, as it were, officially recognized in some cases, where the evidence is insufficient, the Commission E came to the conclusion not to advocate therapeutic use - this, of course, in no way prohibits their use, but the pharmacist in his discussions with his clients will be hesitant in recommending or will inform them of the fact. Since the information regarding the constituents of the drugs in this book is mostly more detailed than in the monographs of the Commission F, as a rule this has been omitted here. 

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