Models and Specifications

Chapter 8, Composing Models and Specifications, discusses what it means to compose models that have partial definitions from different views or packages, paying special attention to specifying exceptions. 

Other forms of abstraction and refinement, more related to the separation and subsequent joining of multiple, mostly independent views, are covered in Chapter 8, Composing Models and Specifications. 

By contrast, we generally use extension on the level of models and specifications because each package in the chain defines concepts that are used all the way down the line. The basic concept of a Line Circuit will be used in nearly all the packages in a telecommunication business, and it will have been defined up at the level of the Network... 

When you re building models and specifications, it is important to be able to compose them with a clearly defined and intuitive meaning. This clarity makes reuse and learning easier, because you can understand the whole by understanding the parts and then recombine them in a predictable way. All descriptions in Catalysis can be composed—from attributes and actions on a type to entire packages. 

An important question for any modeling effort, especially one aimed at a quantitative description of complex transport processes, is the level of accuracy of the model. As will become evident in the discussion of transport models and specific calculations, the values for thermophysical properties and transport coefficients must be known, as well as the dependence of these coefficients on temperature and pressure. Information is lacking for this data base. Critical material properties for semiconductor materials are not known... 

List of Instrumentation A listing of all instrumentation required. Standard instrumentation should be listed as or equivalent only if it has been scientifically determined that other instruments can be used. Critical instrumentation must be clearly defined with make, model, and specifications, if applicable. Instrumentation must be qualified and calibrated (if applicable) prior to use. 

Using our models and specific sensitization protocols, we have consistently observed at least fivefold increases in airway hyperreactivity upon single allergen challenge (Fig. 1). This level of increase allows our laboratory to investigate mediators that may influence the airway response. Specifically, we have... 

Some of the examples and discussion in this chapter draw on the two-class classification problem, which here is hit versus inactive . The word active refers to a validated hit, that is, a molecule that truly does exhibit some level of the desired biological response. A key point is that an assay is itself an estimator. With this in mind, definitions and a discussion of error rates are given in the context of predictive models. Borrowing from the terminology of signal detection, the sensitivity of a model refers to the fraction of observed hits that are classified as (or predicted to be) hits by the model, and specificity refers to the fraction of observed inactives classified as inactives by the model. An observed hit is not necessarily an active molecule, but simply a molecule for which the primary screening result exceeded a decision threshold. Whether such a molecule turns out to be an active is a problem that involves the sensitivity of the assay, but the task at hand is for... 

Besides the nonlinear models and, specifically, the parabolic model, other models were proposed for nonlinear dependence of the biological response from hydrophobic interactions. Among them, the most important are the Hansel bilinear models [Kubinyi, 1977 Kubinyi, 1979] such as ... 

Stern-Gouy-Chapman double layer model and specific adsorption... 

Reusing parts of VeDa and of the VeDa-based implementation models of the afore mentioned research prototypes ROME and ModKit (cf. Sect. 5.3), the partial model Mathematical Models comprises both generic concepts for mathematical modeling and specific types of mathematical models. Within the partial model Unstructured Models, models are described from a mathematical point of view. Concepts of Unstructured Models can be used to specify the equations of System Models, which model Systems in a structured manner. Models for the description of ChemicalProcessSystems (as defined in CPS Models) are examples for system models. Such models employ concepts from Material Model to describe the behavior of the materials processed by the chemical process system. Finally, the partial model Cost Models introduces methods to estimate the cost for construction, procurement, and operation of chemical process systems. 

H) As stated above in (G). there are results on the application layer as well as in the tool models of the case studies, but there is no general and uniform solution at hand for parameterization, which distinguishes between the general model and specific parts on every layer and serves for the transformations between layers (see Fig. 6.11). This is due to the fact that different modeling techniques and different forms of specification mechanisms for general and specific determinations are used at different locations of the PPM. 

Thus far, we have described the time-dependent nature of polymerizing environments both through stochastic [49-51] and lattice [52,53] models capable of addressing this kind of dynamics in a complex environment. The current article focuses on the former approach, but now rephrases the earlier justification of the use of the irreversible Langevin equation, iGLE, to the polymerization problem in the context of kinetic models, and specifically the chemical stochastic equation. The nonstationarity in the solvent response due to the collective polymerization of the dense solvent now appears naturally. This leads to a clear recipe for the construction of the requisite terms in the iGLE. Namely the potential of mean force and the friction kernel as described in Section 3. With these tools in hand, the iGLE is used... 

Prescott, D.R. Andrews, J.D. 2008a. Modelling and Specification of Time-Limited Dispatch Categories for Commercial Aircraft. ASMS Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement and Control 130(2). 

Biodistribution and safety assessment during preclinical development requires both in vitro and in vivo studies. Biocompatibility of nanoparticles can be determined by in vitro cytotoxicity testing on cell lines. In vitro studies also facilitate the revelation of biochemical mechanisms under controlled conditions not achievable by in vivo studies. The rationale underlying the selection of in vitro assays to provide meaningful efficacy and safety data on nanoparticle is detailed in the literature. However, it is in vivo biodistribution and toxicity studies that determine safety for clinical trials, and all preclinical characterization studies must necessarily include in vivo determination of a nanoparticles biodistribution and toxicity in animal tests. FDA provides detailed guidelines for biodistribution and safety assessment of drug formulations in vivo using animal models and specific consideration for nanoparticle samples are reviewed elsewhere. ... 

The functional and non-functional specifications for the system interfaces should be clearly expressed for all possible distinct modes of behaviour of the system. Special models and specification methods such as those used for the description of communication protocols may be used. 

Above discussions on problems of the existing models and specification for the new models are stated in Table 2.1. 

Multiple processes can affect the fate and transport of a chemical substance, each of which can depend not only on the physicochemical properties of the substance but also on the environment around it. In general terms, the processes include changes in state, biodegradation and bioaccumulation, and chemical reactions advective transport can move a substance with wind or water within a localized area or even globally. We look at these processes individually before exploring through examining models and specific examples how the processes combine to determine a chemical s fate and transport in the environment. 

What are models, and specifically exposure models Mushak (1989) offered a broad definition for models as being ... 

Over 40 years ago, Kiselev [30] presented an interesting concept of the associating adsorbate. He assumed that all interactions in the monolayer might be described as a series of reversible quasichemical reactions between admolecules and adsorption sites and between adsorbate molecules in the monolayer. These interactions were characterized by means of suitable reaction constants. This theory was extended by Berezin and Kiselev [31] their final isotherm involves dispersive interactions according to the Fowler-Guggenheim model and specific interactions which cause formation different associates in the surface phase. 

Below, we show how to verify a PikeOS system call using the hardware model and specifications of low level kernel functions as presented in the previous section. 

Automobile suspension units include a number of elements which possess nonlinear characteristics in either displacement or velocity. It has been noted that correct modeling of these nonlinear characteristics is indispensable [1] when studying the dynamic behavior of a suspension unit, and hence its contribution to overall vehicle vibrational comfort. It has also been shown [2] that the most important nonlinearity is that of the shock absorber damping characteristic. The importance of the damper has stimulated a number of studies regarding the modeling and specification of shock absorbers [3-9]. The objective of the present study is to quantify the influence of the damper curve on the vertical force transmissibility from the wheel hub to the upper dome. The upper McPherson dome was chosen as the output measurement point because it is the location at which the greatest static and dynamic forces enter the car body from the suspension unit. The vertical direction has been isolated for the purposes of this study because it is the principal vibrational direction for an automobile on a typical road. 

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