Allergen challenges

Hui, P.H., Taylor, I.K., Taylor, G.W., Rubin, P., Kesterton, J., Barnes, N.C. and Barnes, P.J. (1991). Effect of a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor on leukotriene generation and airway responses after allergen challenge in asthmatic patients. Thorax 46, 184-189. 

Wenzel, S.E., Lauren, G.L., Johnston, K., Voelkel, N.F. and Westcott, J.Y. (1990). Elevated levels of LTC4 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from atopic asthmatics after endobronchial allergen challenge. Am. Rev. Resp. Dis. 142, 112-119. 

In the late phase response, activated airway cells release inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, recruiting inflammatory cells into the lungs. The late phase response occurs 4 to 6 hours after the initial allergen challenge and results in a less intense bronchoconstriction as well as increased airway hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation.6... 

Panina-Bordignon P, Papi A, Mariani M, et al. The C-C chemokine receptors CCR4 and CCR8 identify airway T cells of allergen-challenged atopic asthmatics. J Clin Invest 2001 107(11) 1357-1364. 

Pilette C, Francis JN, Till SJ, Durham SR. CCR4 ligands are up-regulated in the airways of atopic asthmatics after segmental allergen challenge. Eur Respir J 2004 23(6) 876-884. 

Ravensberg AJ, Ricciardolo EL, van Schadewijk A, et al. Eotaxin-2 and eotaxin-3 expression is associated with persistent eosinophilic bronchial inflammation in patients with asthma after allergen challenge. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005 115(4) 779-785. 

Kim Y, Sung S, Kuziel WA, Feldman S, Fu SM, Rose CE Jr. Enhanced airway Th2 response after allergen challenge in mice deficient in CC chemokine receptor-2 (CCR2). J Immunol 2001 166(8) 5183-5192. 

Aerosol administration enhances bronchoselectivity and provides a more rapid response and greater protection against provocations that induce bronchospasm (e.g., exercise, allergen challenges) than does systemic administration. 

Cromolyn sodium and nedocromil sodium have beneficial effects that are believed to result from stabilization of mast cell membranes. They inhibit the response to allergen challenge as well as EIB but do not cause bronchodilation. 

Wenzel SE, Fowler AA, Schwartz LB Activation of pulmonary mast cells by bronchoalveolar allergen challenge in vivo release of histamine and tryptase in atopic subjects with and without asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988 137 1002-1008. 

In humans, allergen challenge leads to an accumulation of myeloid, but not pDCs to the airways... 

Jahnsen FL, Moloney ED, Hogan T, Upham JW, Burke CM, Holt PG Rapid dendritic cell recruitment to the bronchial mucosa of patients with atopic asthma in response to local allergen challenge. Thorax 2001 56 823-826. 

Bratke K, Lommatzsch M, Julius P, Kuepper M, Kleine HD, Luttmann W, Christian Virchow J Dendritic cell subsets in human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after segmental allergen challenge. Thorax 2007 62 168-175. 

An Atypical Receptor Mechanism Mediates the Bronchoconstrictor Response to Adenosine Augmented Following Allergen Challenge... 

At concentrations of 10 and 100 pM (200-2,000 times the concentration used earlier and 14,000-140,000-fold the Ki value at the rat A( receptor), CPA induced small contractile responses on tissues from saline-challenged animals which were increased if the strips were taken from allergen-challenged animals (Fig. 1.6). 

Hannon JP, Tigani B, Williams I, Wolber C, Howes C, Mazzoni L, Fozard JR (2002b) Evidence for an atypical receptor mediating the augmented bronchoconstrictor response to adenosine induced by allergen challenge in actively sensitised Brown Norway rats. Br J Pharmacol 135 685-696... 

Renzi PM, Olivenstein R, Martin JG (1993) Inflammatory cell populations in the airways and parenchyma after antigen challenge in the rat. Am Rev Resp Dis 147 967-974 Renzi PM, Al-Assaad AS, Yang JP, Yasruel Z, Hamid Q (1996) Cytokine expression in the presence or absence of late airway responses after allergen challenge of sensitised animals. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 15 367-373... 

Cui ZH, Joetham M, Aydintug MK, Hahn YS, et al. 2003. Reversal of allergic airway hyperactivity after long term allergen challenge depends on (gamma) (delta) T cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 168 1324-1332. 

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