Error rate

FEEDBACK. Feedback can reduce error rates from 2/100 to 2/1000 (Swain and Guttmann, 1983). If the person can see that he is doing the right thing, he can be sure he did it. 

INTENT Human error rate assessment for INTENTion-based errors I Gertman ct al., 1992... 

The LER-HEP method (NUREG/ CR-3519) is a means of analyzing field data to estimate HEPs. It considers available data on specific human errors in similar to those being considered in the risk as.sessment. The application of the method in NUREG/CR-3519 is to the Licensee Event Report (LER) file so it is called the LER-HEP method. For each error analyzed by this method, an error rate is derived by dividing the number of similar errors by the estimated number of... 

S.2.9 Technique for Human Error Rate Prediction (THERP)... 

List of the generic human error probabilities used to determine a base error rate for each human error considered, and... 

Prepare an HRA event tree for driving from your home to work or school. Use this tree to estimate your annual error rate. Compare this with your actual rate. Explain disagreements. 

The uncertainties in human error rates may be within the stated uncertainty bounds, but such is not demonstrated from sparse experiments. Both the qualitative description of the human interaction logic and the quantitative assessment of those actions rely on the virtually untested judgment of experts. 

The identification of the operational level deficiencies that contribute to increased error rates can be achieved by evaluations of PIFs as described in Chapter 3. Although the factors described in that chapter are not exhaustive in their coverage, they can provide a useful starting point for an evaluation exercise. Structured PIF evaluation systems are described in Chapter 2 which ensure that all the important factors that need to be evaluated are included in the exercise. 

If the results of the qualitative analysis are to be used as a starting-point for quantification, they need to be represented in an appropriate form. The form of representation can be a fault tree, as shown in Figure 5.2, or an event tree (see Bellamy et al., 1986). The event tree has traditionally been used to model simple tasks at the level of individual task steps, for example in the THERP (Technique for Human Error Rate Prediction) method for human reliability... 

THERP Techniques for human error rate prediction... 

The most likely means of rectifying the very high workload and error rates which are likely to occur, would be to make use of the VDUs in the control room to provide important information in a centralized location, perhaps also in certain cases to effect control actions. This would be especially useful in one of the platform control rooms, since it was never intended to be a centralized control room, and there were therefore many information limitations which could probably only be compensated for by providing VDU information. 

Two properties, in particular, make Feynman s approach superior to Benioff s (1) it is time independent, and (2) interactions between all logical variables are strictly local. It is also interesting to note that in Feynman s approach, quantum uncertainty (in the computation) resides not in the correctness of the final answer, but, effectively, in the time it takes for the computation to be completed. Peres [peres85] points out that quantum computers may be susceptible to a new kind of error since, in order to actually obtain the result of a computation, there must at some point be a macroscopic measurement of the quantum mechanical system to convert the data stored in the wave function into useful information, any imperfection in the measurement process would lead to an imperfect data readout. Peres overcomes this difficulty by constructing an error-correcting variant of Feynman s model. He also estimates the minimum amount of entropy that must be dissipated at a given noise level and tolerated error rate. 

Registiy of Mass Spectral Data, 412 Replication (DNA). 1106-1107 direction of, 1107 error rate during. 1107 lagging strand in, 1107 leading strand in, 1107 Okazaki fragments in, 1107 replication fork in, 1107 Replication fork (DNA), 1107 Reserpine, structure of, 65 Residue (protein), 1027 Resist, photolithography and, 505-506... 

Schmidt, L. B., et al., Injection Molding of Polycarbonate Compact Disks Relationship between Process Conditions, Birefringence, Block Error Rate, SPE-ANTEC, 1992. 

Theorem 4-9 is stronger than the converse theorems that have previously appeared in the literature.9 These other theorems deal with the probability of error on a decoded sequence. Proving that the probability of error on a sequence of length N approaches 1 as N -+ oo does not prove that the error probability per source digit is bounded away from zero. If each sequence error corresponds to only one source digit error, then the source digit error rate would be 1/N times the sequence error rate. Thus theorems about the sequence error rate do not rule out the possibility of reliable communication for large N. 

Even as the computational prediction error rate is reduced to acceptable levels, many cases will be encountered in which the predictions are indistinguishable to within error. In a scenario in which several different in silico designs are given equivalent but favorable activity predictions, the end user s medicinal experience may help decide which to promote to synthesis. The quality of that decision at this point will be strongly influenced by how easy it is to understand the different contributions to the computational predictions. Interpretability is thus critical for synergistically utilizing the experience of the end user. 

The local user performs data entry by directly entering data into the system s database stored on the local computer with customized electronic forms. The system performs edit checks, which include range, across-form, and across-visit checks at the time of entry. This feature greatly reduces data error rates. 

Figure 38-1. Formation of aminoacyl-tRNA. A two-step reaction, involving the enzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, results in the formation of aminoacyl-tRNA. The first reaction involves the formation of an AMP-amino acid-enzyme complex. This activated amino acid is next transferred to the corresponding tRNA molecule. The AMP and enzyme are released, and the latter can be reutilized. The charging reactions have an error rate of less than 10" and so are extremely accurate.

VL-XT gave a false positive prediction of disorder of 20% on a per-residue basis (Table IV) this error decreases to 0.4% for consecutive predictions of 40 or longer (Romero etal., 2001). These error rates lead to 6% of the nonredundant proteins from PDB having consecutive false positive predictions of disorder >40 residues in length. As discussed in... 

Section II,B, this may be an overestimate of the false positive error rate because many of the apparent consecutive errors correspond to regions of disorder that are ordered in the crystal due to ligand binding or crystal contacts. Also, because disordered regions of length >40 residues are often missed due to false negative predictions of order, the data in... 

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