Specific Considerations

Each of the three broad categories of technological innovation in healthcare under consideration also gives rise to the need for more specific ethical assessment. 

Telehealthcare Issues of safety and reliability remain very important in telehealthcare. The demands of developing equipment at an appropriate level of sophistication may be especially great, for telehealthcare often requires quantitative measurement by the patient in a home environment. One of the potential benefits of telehealthcare is that it can increase the agency of patients, as they become more active in the treatment of their condition. However, such benefit may be diminished if they feel unable to cope adequately with their monitoring equipment. 

Quasi-autonomous systems It is with these systems that all of the ethical issues so far considered converge. Resolving the issues that arise can be complex, especially as such systems may be proposed for the care of the most vulnerable persons. 

There is a large amount of conceptual similarity in the approach to Phase I trial design, regardless of the therapeutic area however, there are some important differences. One major consideration is the selection of the population of humans for the Phase I study. For most therapeutic indications, healthy volunteers are the participants. They are compensated for the inconveniences of participating in the study, but they are not in a position to receive medical benefit. The use of healthy volunteers substantially limits the ability to observe the desired therapeutic goal. For example, if an agent is intended to correct metabolic deficiencies, or lower elevated blood pressure, there may be no detectable changes in healthy participants. 

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Molecular dynamics simulations can overcome energy barriers and provide information about the time-dependent motion of molecu lar system s. You can use various strategies to set up an d run a molecular dynamics simulation, depending on your objective. Th IS section defines man y of these strategies and discusses specific consideration s in settingup a simulation. 

Comparable but equally specific considerations must be applied to other condensation polymer systems. The following example is an illustration of the application of these ideas to the molecular weight of polyamides. 

The scattering of visible light by polymer solutions is our primary interest in this chapter. However, since is a function of the ratio R/X, as we saw in the last section, the phenomena we discuss are applicable to the entire range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Accordingly, a general review of the properties of this radiation and its interactions with matter is worthwhile before a specific consideration of scattering. 

Nonmetals The following are specific considerations to be evaluated when applying certain nonmetals in piping ... 

Classification of Fluid Services The code apphes to piping systems as illustrated in Fig. 10-124, but two categories of fluia services are segregated for specif consideration as follows ... 

The cost of the filter station includes not only the installed cost of the filter itself but also that of all the accessories dedicated to the filtration operation. Examples are feed pumps and storage facihties, precoat tanks, vacuum systems (often a major cost factor for a vacuum filter station), and compressed-air systems. The dehvered cost of the accessories plus the cost of installation of filter and accessories generally is of the same order of magnitude as the dehvered filter cost and commonly is several times as large. Installation costs, of course, must be estimated with reference to local labor costs and site-specific considerations. 

Various techniques are available to separate the different types of particles that may be present in a sohd mixture. The choice depends on the physicochemical nature of the sohds and on site-specific considerations (for example, wet versus diy methods). A key consideration is the extent of the liberation of the individual particles to be separated. Particles attached to each other obviously cannot be separated by direct mechanical means except after the attachment has been broken. In ore processing, the mineral values are generally liberated by size reduction (see Sec. 20). Rarely is liberation complete at any one size, and a physical-separation flow sheet wih incorporate a sequence of operations that often are designed first to rejec t as much... 

Questions that relate to specific considerations contained in company environmental guidelines apply to licensing and tolling of products (all or m part). They do not apply to suppliers of laboratory quantities of proprietary materials, raw material suppliers, or arrangements made with other companies to recover nonproprietary raw materials (for example, solvents and metal compounds). 

Caution should be exercised when considering any change in fuels to reduce emissions. This is particularly true considering today s fuel costs, Specific considerations might be the following ... 

Thus, the choice may only be made after consideration of all requirements. It is, however, not practical to analyze and compare each requirement with the hope of logically deducing the best choice. There is, unfortunately, no generalized formula for selection that is independent of the details of the intended application. Each cake requires study of the specific considerations, which are determined by the details or the separation process. 

Many extraneous and site-specific considerations may have to be taken into account. Certainly, the construction... 

Evaluate and apply at least six major drug-specific considerations when selecting antimicrobial therapy. 

Drug-specific considerations in antimicrobial selection include the spectrum of activity, effects on nontargeted microbial flora, appropriate dose, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, adverse-effect and drug-interaction profile, and cost. 

As discussed in Chapter 3, each facility may wish to determine occupancy criteria reflecting company-specific considerations. At present, little additional guidance is available to assist companies in doing so. 

For parenteral products specific consideration needs to be included for tonicity adjustment, emulsion globule size, ease of resuspension and sedimentation rate, particle size and particle size distribution, viscosity and syringeability, and crystal form changes. Full consideration should be included of the proposed instructions for dilution or reconstitution of products and of compatibility with the proposed solvents or diluents. This should include a demonstration that the proposed storage temperature and extremes of concentration are suitable. 

Site-specific considerations that may affect the selection and design of treatment technologies. 

II. ENZYME SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY CONSIDERATIONS IN DESIGN OF PRODRUGS... 

In the late 1970 s, the country s mood changed to accept not just some risk, but to include in the decision equation, specific consideration for economic factors, social benefits and impact on jobs. And so, the Clean Air Act was amended in 1977, changing the thrust of the law to include economic and practical considerations in carrying out the mandate of that law. And so too, the TSCA law that finally passed in late 1976, was a "balancing law," the first really true balancing law to be passed by Congress. It con-... 

Each of the three significant parenteral routes we are concerned with here has a specific set of either advantages and disadvantages or specific considerations that must be kept in mind. 

MOC is a systematic procedure for reviewing potential hazards of proposed changes to facilities. It applies to all hazardous materials regardless of reactivity however, there are specific considerations for... 

A number of general and site-specific considerations must be made in devising a rational, cost-effective aquifer restoration program tailored to the site s unique hydro geologic setting. ... 

Selection of the best alternative depends on the quantity of water produced, type of product, degree of contamination, air quality consideration, site-specific considerations, and local regulations. For sites that will be operational for only a short period of time, and producing a small quantity of water, hauling can sometimes be an economical alternative. The costs associated with initial cost of equipment, acquisition of permits, and continued operation must be compared with a per-unit cost of employing a commercial disposal firm. 

An overview of treatment technologies, along with site-specific considerations, and cost comparisons for various approaches that have been utilized for coproduced groundwater treatment are discussed below. These treatment approaches are ... 

The successful design of an industrial wastewater treatment system is a complex decision and often integrated into site and process specific considerations. The quantity of wastewater can be established from an overall water balance. The quality is determined from the process design. The wastewater treatment unit operations will vary as a function of discharge requirements, reuse considerations, and economic reviews. 

Specific considerations that emerged from this discussion are the following ... 

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