In-vitro cytotoxicity testing

FIGURE 9.10 In vitro cytotoxicity testing of individual components of recombinant resilin curing polymer system. The light gray areas represent green fluorescence, evidence of live cells, (a) Ammonium persulphate... 

Riddell RJ, Panacer DS, Wilde SM, et al. 1986. The importance of exposure period and cell type in in vitro cytotoxicity tests. Altern Lab Anim 14 86-92. 

Historically, in vitro cytotoxicity tests have not been effective in predicting human toxicity potential [11]. This has been attributable largely to insufficiency of duration of... 

As occurred with the introduction of in vitro testing for adverse pharmacokinetic properties, implementation of in vitro cytotoxicity testing in drug discovery is likely to reduce later attrition in drug development by an order of magnitude. An indispensable tool will be HCA and a cytotoxicity model similar to that described above. Attendance at the numerous annual industry conferences on HCA indicates that... 

Besides their utilization in the production of many compounds with therapeutic, diagnostic, and immunizing applications, animal cell cultures have undoubted utility in the performance of in vitro cytotoxicity tests. They can be used for the evaluation of potential anti-neoplastic agents and assessment of the safety of various products, such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, alimentary additives, pesticides, and industrial chemical products. Cell culture systems are frequently employed in the cancer chemotherapy field, in which their potential value for viability and cytotoxicity tests is largely accepted. Animal models play an important role in toxicity testing, but the pressure to adopt in vitro tests is growing since they present considerable economical advantages over in vivo tests. The use of animal models is limited to human metabolism studies, and there are... 

Voisin C, Aerts C, Pommery-Dutriez N, et al. 1981. Effects of gaseous pollutants on alveolar macrophages An in-vitro cytotoxicity test using cellular cultures in gas phase. In Meeting European Society for Clinical Respiratory Physiology, Gothenburg, Sweden, June 2-5, 1981. Eur J Respir Dis Suppl 62 187-188. 

Table 3 Log10 GI50, log10 TGI, and loglO LC50 mean graphs midpoints for in vitro cytotoxicity testing using selected difunctional pyrrolo[2,l-c][l,4] benzodiazepine derivatives...

Although the correlation between low pHs (acids) and eye damage in the rabbit has not been found to be excellent, all alkalis (pH 11.5 or above) tested have been reported to produce opacities and ocular damage. Many laboratories now use pH cutoffs for testing of 2.0 or lower and 11.5 or 12.0 and higher. If a material falls outside these cutoffs (or is so identified due to other physicochemical parameters), then it is (1) not tested in the rabbit eye and is assumed to be corrosive (2) evaluated in a secondary screen such as an in vitro cytotoxicity test or primary dermal irritation test or (3) evaluated in a single rabbit before a full-scale eye irritation test is performed. It should be kept in mind that the correlation of all the... 

In vitro cytotoxicity tests that indicate basic cell toxicity by measuring parameters such as cell viability, proliferation, membrane damage, DNA synthesis, or metabolic effects have been used as indicators of dermal toxicity. 

Babich, H., C. Shopsis and E. Borenfreund. In vitro cytotoxicity testing of aquatic pollutants (cadmium, copper, zinc, nickel) using established fish cell fines. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 11 91 -99, 1986. 

Castano, A., M.M. Vega, T. Blazquez and J.V. Tarazona. Biological alternatives to chemical identification for the ecotoxicological assessment of industrial effluents the RTG-2 in vitro cytotoxicity test. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13 1607-1611, 1994. 

Tarazona, J.V., A. Castano and B. Gallego. Detection of organic toxic pollutants in water and waste-water by liquid -chromatography and in vitro cytotoxicity tests. Anal. Chim. Acta 234 193-197, 1990. 

Evaluation of biocompatibility resulted chieflyfrom clinical experience (Boutin, 1972 Hulbert, Morrison and Klawitter, 1972 Griss etal., 1973 Griss, 1984 Mit-telmeier, Heisel and Schmitt, 1987) supported by in vitro cytotoxicity testing (for example Catelas etal., 1998 Nkamgueu etal., 2000, and many other contributors). 

A scheme for in-vitro cytotoxicity testing is defined by the international and European... 

Babich H, Shopsis C and Bodenfreund E (1986) In vitro cytotoxicity testing of aquatic pollutants... 

Fischer D, et al. (2003). In vitro cytotoxicity testing of polycations influence of polymer structure on cell viability and hemolysis. Biomat. 24 1121-1131. 

Wang K, Shindoh H, Inoue T, Horii I. Advantages of in vitro cytotoxicity testing by using primary rat hepatocytes in comparison with established cell lines. J Toxicol Sci 2002 27 229-237. 

Burlando, B., A. Parodi, A Volante, and A.M. Bassi. 2008. Comparison of the irritation potentials of Boswellia serrata gum resin and of acetyl-ll-keto-(beta)-bosweItic acid by in vitro cytotoxicity tests on human skin-derived ceU lines. Toxicol. Lett. 177(2) 144-149. 

In vitro cytotoxicity testing showed GEMOSIL did affect normal cell growth (Figure 3) which is proportional to the increased level of MTS absorbance. Two-way ANOVA showed that the difference was significant for both factors. Day and Material. At the beginning of the culture, the chlorhexidine increased cell growth approximately 25% but then decreased around 25% after day 7. 

Scaife, M. C. An in vitro cytotoxicity test to predict the ocular irritation potential of detergents and detergent products. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1985, 23, 253-258. 

Biodistribution and safety assessment during preclinical development requires both in vitro and in vivo studies. Biocompatibility of nanoparticles can be determined by in vitro cytotoxicity testing on cell lines. In vitro studies also facilitate the revelation of biochemical mechanisms under controlled conditions not achievable by in vivo studies. The rationale underlying the selection of in vitro assays to provide meaningful efficacy and safety data on nanoparticle is detailed in the literature. However, it is in vivo biodistribution and toxicity studies that determine safety for clinical trials, and all preclinical characterization studies must necessarily include in vivo determination of a nanoparticles biodistribution and toxicity in animal tests. FDA provides detailed guidelines for biodistribution and safety assessment of drug formulations in vivo using animal models and specific consideration for nanoparticle samples are reviewed elsewhere. ... 

Table 6.6 Grading recommended for in vitro cytotoxicity test results...

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