Mineralogical characteristics

Shikazono, N. and Kusakabe, M. (1999) Mineralogical characteristics and formation mechanism of sulfate-sulfide chimneys from Kuroko area, Mariana trough and midocean ridges. Resource Geology Special Issue, 20, 1-12. 

Mineralogical characteristics of Besshi-subtype deposits (e.g., Besshi deposit) were described by Kase (1972, 1977, 1986) and Kase and Yamamoto (1988). Their studies are described below. 

Carbonates, organic matter, Fe and Mn oxides, and clay minerals play important roles in controlling overall reactivity of trace elements in soils and sediments. This chapter addresses the interaction of trace elements with carbonates, organic matter, Fe and Mn oxides and clay minerals. Analytical techniques for trace element speciation in solid-phase and their distribution among various solid-phase components in arid and semi-arid soils are reviewed. Solubilities of trace elements in solid phases and their mineralogical characteristics in arid and semi-arid soils also are discussed. 

SOLUBILITY OF SOLID PHASES AND THEIR MINERALOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS CONTROLLING DISTRIBUTION OF TRACE ELEMENTS AMONG SOLID PHASE COMPONENTS IN ARID SOILS... 

Contaminants may reach the subsurface in a gaseous phase, dissolved in water, as an immiscible hquid, or as suspended particles. Contaminant partitioning in the subsurface is controlled by the physicochemical properties and the porosity of the earth materials, the composition of the subsurface water, as well as the properties of the contaminants themselves. While the physicochemical and mineralogical characteristics of the subsurface sohd phase define the retention capacity of contaminants, the porosity and aggregation stams determine the potential volume of liquid and air that are accessible for contaminant redistribution among the subsurface phases. Enviromnental factors, such as temperature and water content in the subsurface prior to contamination, also affect the pollution pattern. 

Anand, R.R. Gilkes, R.J. Roach, G.l.D. (1991) Geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of bauxites. Darling Range, Western Australia. Appl. Geochem. 6 233-248... 

Tuovinen, O.H. Button, K.S. Vuorinen, A. Carlson, L. Mair, M. Yut, L.A. (1980) Bacterial, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics of tubercles in distribution pipelines. Am. Water Works Assoc. J. 72 626-635 Turchenek, L.W. Oades, J.M. (1979) Fractionation of organo-mineral complexes by sedimentation and density techniques. Geoderma 21 311-343... 

A thorough understanding of the chemical and mineralogical composition of CCPs is necessary for proper management of these materials. This chapter will cover (1) the composition of coal (2) the formation of CCPs (3) the physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics of CCPs (4) characterization of North American fly ashes (5) hydrated minerals in fly ash/ water pastes (6) sulphur scrubbing products and (7) environmental impact of CCPs. 

As a result of the well-documented environmental concerns posed by coal combustion, and the disposal of CCPs, a large body of research has focused on characterizing the mechanisms of mobilization and attenuation of trace elements in coal and its ash. Based on their reported distribution in the solid phases of both source coals and coal ash, knowledge of the thermal transformations that occur to major mineral constituents during coal combustion, and a limited number of studies that have identified discrete solid phases of trace elements, a conceptual model of the chemical and mineralogical characteristics of trace elements in coal ash has been developed. 

The compounds that result from FGD technologies have very different bulk chemical and mineralogical characteristics than those from conventional combustion. They still contain Si, Al, and Fe, but they contain as much as 50-60 wt% Ca and S, much of which is soluble in water. Although many types of FGD products have been used successfully as engineered fill, they may also be utilized as soil amendments, particularly when combined with organic byproducts. Use of FBC ash in structural fill is limited compared to fly ash, bottom ash, and FGD products due to the expansion problems that occur when FBC ash first comes into contact with water. 

Goodarzi, F., Peel, W. P., Huggins, F. E., Brown, J. R., Charland, J.-P. Percival, J. 2002. Chemical and mineralogical characteristics of milled coal, ashes, and stack-emitted material from unit no. 5, Battle River coal-fired power station, Alberta, Canada. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, 570, 148 p. 

Bacterial desiccation and survival of other species in dried soils and mineral powders has been reported (Bitton et al., 1976, Labeda et al., 1976 Dupler Baker, 1984 Moll Vestal, 1992). In many instances the authors did not report soil mineralogical characteristics however, Bitton et al. (1976) showed greater survival of Klebsiella aerogenes under desiccation stress when in soils dominated by montmorillonite as compared to kaolinite. Amendment of montmorillonite to a sandy soil also increased the survival of K. aerogenes and thus produced the greatest increase in survival in these studies as well as those conducted with rhizobia. 

Pomona basalt flow. A third interbed sample was taken from drilling cores of the Mabton Interbed, located between the Saddle Mountains and Wanapum Basalts. The Mabton Interbed is the first continuous, major interbed above the candidate repository horizons in the Grande Ronde Basalts. Mineralogical characteristics of the interbed materials are summarized in Table n. A more complete discussion of the characteristics of the interbed materials may be found in Reference (4). 

Tuovinen OH, Button KS, Vuorinen CL, et al. 1980. Bacterial, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics of tubercles in distribution pipelines. J Am Water Works Assoc 72 626-635. 

The study of chondrite matrices is both time-consuming and challenging, principally because of the fine-grained characteristics of the material. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been the analytical technique of choice, because it provides textural and mineralogical information from the micron down to the nanoscale. Here, we briefly overview the main textural and mineralogical characteristics of matrices in very un-equilibrated chondrites, focusing principally on the carbonaceous chondrites. 

Samples used in this study, their formation, petrographic, petrophysical and mineralogical characteristics. C crystal carbonate M-W mudstone, wackestone P-G packstone-grainstone Vac vugs iX intercrystalline pores iM intramatrix pores iG intragranular pores IG intergranular pores K karsts Fr fractures F formation factor m cementation factor n saturation exponent. 

Results of various in vitro and in vivo bioaccessibility studies (Ruby et al, 1993, 1996, 1999 Davis et al, 1992, 1996, 1993 Borch et al, 1994 Dieter etal, 1993) indicate that some aspects of the fate of metals or metalloids leached from mine wastes that enter the gastrointestinal system can be readily understood based on their mineralogical characteristics, coupled with a knowledge of how... 

The variability between metals extracted, dumps, and fluids results primarily from mineralogical variability within and between the dumps however, the mineralogical characteristics of the dump materials were apparently not determined. 

Mn-mineralogy. . . Mn mineralogy characteristic of birnessite-family minerals (Potter, 1979 Potter and Rossman, 1979a,b McKeown and Post, 2001 Probst et al., 2001). Very difficult to study because of its small size, Mn oxides range from large tunnel phases to layer phases such as the birnessite family notable in varnish... 

It is well known that the trace metal content of a sediment is often to a large extent a function of its chemical and mineralogical characteristics. It is, therefore, very important to use a reliable normalising technique for reporting trace metal concentrations. The key sediment characteristic is surface area or particle size since many of the trace metal binding components (e.g. organic matter, Fe and Mn oxides and hydroxides) are very well correlated with both characteristics. 

Wada, K. (1980). Mineralogical characteristics of andisols. In "Soils with Variable Charge" (B. K. G. Theng, ed.), pp. 89-107. New Zealand Society of Soil Science. Offset Publications, Palmerston North, New Zealand. 

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