Sandy soil

Sandy soils include all sandy material except loamy, very line sand. All mineral layers above any of the S indicators except for indicators S6 and S9 have dominant chroma 2 or less, or the layer(s) with dominant chroma of more than 2 is less than 15 cm (6 in.) thick. 

Sandy Mucky Mineral. For use in all LRRs except W, X, and Y and those LRRs that use indicator A7 (P, T, U, and Z). A layer of mucky-modilied sandy soil material 5 cm (2 in.) or more thick starting within 15 cm (6 in.) of the soil surface. 

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Uses. A soluble form of magnesium nitrate is used as a fertilizer ia states such as Florida where drainage through the porous, sandy soil depletes the magnesium (see Fertilizers). Magnesium nitrate is also used as a prilling aid in the manufacture of ammonium nitrate. A 0.25—0.50% addition of magnesium nitrate to the process improves the stabHity of the prills and also improves durabHity and abrasion resistance. 

A U.S. EPA study (41) showed that soil vapor extraction (SVE) is an effective treatment for removing volatile contaminants from the vadose zone. Sandy soils are more effectively treated than clay or soils with higher organic content because higher air flows are possible in sand and clays—organic soils tend to adsorb or retain more contaminants. Removal of volatiles is rapid in the initial phase of treatment and thereafter decreases rapidly thereafter-an important consideration in the design of air emissions control over the life of the project. 

Sandy Soils. The particles in sandy soils are relatively large, with correspondingly large spaces between them. Because these soils are also fairly homogeneous, water moves freely through much of the soil matrix. Any nitrate that is in the soil, whether from fertilizer or from microbial activity, is likely to be carried through the soil slowly but surely with little impediment. A sandy soil above an aquifer is usually seen as a threat to the quality of the water in the aquifer. 

Soil does not provide as solid a base as rock. The strength of a foundation built on soil and its ability to withstand an earthquake will therefore depend upon the quality and depth of soils which may be formed of a number of soil layers of different stratifications and depths. Sandy soil or soil with sedimentary deposits, for instance, will have less strength and will provide a weaker base, as such soils may settle more during a ground movement. 

The resistance to ground for a 600 mm x 600 mm plate grounding, considering a sandy soil, treated artificially and having attained an average soil resistivity of 10 k2m... 

All techniques fail when Eq. (3-8) is not applicable with a small Xy. It has been observed in a few cases with pure sandy soils that electrical polarization of the sand can occur, which falsifies a potential measurement made without probes [3]. The potential is consequently found to be noticeably too negative. Off potentials that are not realistic may be measured they may have ranging... 

The oxidation products are almost insoluble and lead to the formation of protective films. They promote aeration cells if these products do not cover the metal surface uniformly. Ions of soluble salts play an important role in these cells. In the schematic diagram in Fig. 4-1 it is assumed that from the start the two corrosion partial reactions are taking place at two entirely separate locations. This process must quickly come to a complete standstill if soluble salts are absent, because otherwise the ions produced according to Eqs. (2-21) and (2-17) would form a local space charge. Corrosion in salt-free water is only possible if the two partial reactions are not spatially separated, but occur at the same place with equivalent current densities. The reaction products then react according to Eq. (4-2) and in the subsequent reactions (4-3a) and (4-3b) to form protective films. Similar behavior occurs in salt-free sandy soils. 

Cell formation [12] (sandy soil/clay soil) 5 5= 10 400 ... 

Sand-bad. n. sand bath, -badachale, /. sand-bath dish, -beerbaum, m. arbutus (the tree), -beere,/. bearberry arbutus, -bestrahlung, /. sandblasting, -boden, m. sandy soil, -biichsenbaum, m. sand-box tree Hura crepitans). -dombeerCi /. sea buckthorn berry. 

R. Azzam, Sandy Soil Plantation in Semi Arid Zones by Polyacrylamide Gel Preparation by Ionizing Radiation, lAEA-Contract No. 2596/RB, Progress Rpt July 1980-Oct. 1981, Vienna. 

Corrosion in soil is aqueous, and the mechanism is electrochemical (see Section 1.4), but the conditions in the soil can range from atmospheric to completely immersed (Sections 2.2 and 2.3). Which conditions prevail depends on the compactness of the soil and the water or moisture content. Moisture retained within a soil under field dry conditions is largely held within the capillaries and pores of the soil. Soil moisture is extremely significant in this connection, and a dry sandy soil will, in general, be less corrosive than a wet clay. 

Normally, the plants can efficiently use only a small part of the soil water, i.e., from 0.3 to 1 kg of water is required to create 1 g of biomass by means of photosynthesis. The bulk of the soil water disappears through nonproductive channels, which is most typical of sandy soils. 

Another group of effects consists in blocking the channels of losing water from the soil layer, i.e., the hydraulic conductivity responsible for the gravitational flow, and of physical evaporation. All these effects provide an increase of the water content of the soil and, consequently, improve the water supply of plants, which is reflected in the three last columns in Table 8. According to the data of various authors, an increase in the soil water content (AW) in sandy soils lies in the range of 10-35% at doses up to 0.2% in a number of cases [10, 11, 58, 131-133] the dependencies of AW on the doses of the hydrogels added have been studied. 

Biological effects and stimulation of plant growth induced by hydrogel additives are observed at doses which are often much lower than those obtained from purely physical evaluation. For example, it has been recently shown [13] that, according to various criteria of plant development, the SAH additives even at dosages of 50 to 140 kg ha-1 provide a productivity in sandy soils at the level obtainable by treatment with 20% (of the order of hundreds of tons per 1 ha) alluvial deposits. There seems to exist a mechanism allowing the plants to efficiently utilize small water reserves contained in the SAH particles. 

The failure in employing PAAm hydrogel (free swelling 1250 ml g 1) in the sandy soil of the Kara Kum desert is due to the same reasons [132] swelling in rainwater and in saline water from the Large Kara Kum canal used for irrigation purposes was equal to 680 and 255 mlg-1 in the free state and respectively 112 and 76 ml g 1 in the sand. This situation proved to be unacceptable for any SAH application. 

To enable comparison to this experimental approach, archaeological human bones of various ages and soil properties (Table 9.1) from the Anthropological Collection in Munich were analyzed. All German skeletal series come from humic soil with, neutral to slightly basic pH. The samples from Tinkey, Syria, coastal Pern and Egypt have been buried in dry, sandy soils. Soil samples from most of the excavation sites were available and bone sample... 

Grupe, G. in press Preservation of collagen in bone from dry sandy soil. Journal of Archaeological Science. 

The relative immobility of the chlorodioxins is expected, based on the very low solubility of these compounds in water (0.6 / g/liter). In contrast, the herbicide, 2,4,5-T, is relatively mobile in sandy soils, but movement decreases as soil organic matter increases. What does this information tell us, and how does it compare with other organic compounds A mobility scale has been devised for a large number of pesticides (3). Higher mobility numbers reflect increased compound mobility in soils. The dioxins would be in Class 1—i.e., they are immobile in soils and would compare with several chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. 

Wilson JT, Enfield CG, Dunlap WJ, et al. 1981. Transport and fate of selected organic pollutants in a sandy soil. J Environ Qual 10 501-506. 

Mortensen SKL, CS Jacobsen (2004) Influence of frozen storage on herbicide degradation capacity in surface and subsurface sandy soils. Environ Sci Technol 38 6625-6632. 

Fig. 4.4 Calibration curve for chromium, constructed from measurements of increasing intakes of five different CRMs NIST SRMs 1646 Estuarine sediment, certified content 76 + 3 mg/kg 1632a Coal, certified content 34.4 1.5 mg/kg BCR CRMs 141 Calcareous loam soil, indicative content 75 mg/kg, 142 Light sandy soil, indicative content 74.9 mg/kg and 143 Over fertilized soil, indicative content 228 mg/kg (Kurfiirst 1998b).

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