Trace metal content

Trace metal Trace metal contents Trace metals Tracer applications Tracer bullets Tracers... 

Many investigators have also measured the trace metal content of asphalts (68). The catalytic behavior of vanadium has prompted studies of the relation between vanadium content and an asphalt s sensitivity to oxidation (viscosity ratio). The significance of metals in the behavior of asphalts is not yet well understood or defined. 

One example, a candidate matrix material of organotin species in marine water, had stability determined by storage for 120 days at 4°C in the dark, at ambient temperature, and exposed to daylight (Quevauviller and Donard 1991). Frequently storage at different temperatures over at least a i-year period are reported. Examples include organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in BCR CRM 430, where pork fat was stored at -2o°C, -i-20°C, and -r37°C (van der Paauw et al. 1992). Storage at -20°C, -i-20°C, and -i-4o°C was performed for total and methyl Hg in BCR CRMs 463 and 464, tuna fish (Quevauviller et al. 1994), and metals in BCR CRM 600, EDTA and DTPA-extractable trace metal contents in calcareous soil (Quevauviller et al. 1998m). 

Quevauviller Ph, Lachica M, Barahona E, Gomez A, Rauret G, Ure A, Muntau H (1998m) Certified reference material for the quality control of EDTA- and DTPA-extractable trace metal contents in calcareous soil (CRM 600). Fresenius J Anal Chem 360 505-511. 

Cheung, Y.H. and M.H. Wong. 1992. Trace metal contents of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) purchased from markets in Hong Kong. Environ. Manage. 16 753-761. 

Greig, R.A., A. Adams, and D.R. Wenzloff. 1977. Trace metal content of plankton and zooplankton collected from the New York Bight and Long Island Sound. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 18 3-8. 

Heavy metals are widely used as catalysts in the manufacture of anthraquinonoid dyes. Mercury is used when sulphonating anthraquinones and copper when reacting arylamines with bromoanthraquinones. Much effort has been devoted to minimising the trace metal content of such colorants and in effluents from dyemaking plants. Metal salts are used as reactants in dye synthesis, particularly in the ranges of premetallised acid, direct or reactive dyes, which usually contain copper, chromium, nickel or cobalt. These structures are described in detail in Chapter 5, where the implications in terms of environmental problems are also discussed. Certain basic dyes and stabilised azoic diazo components (Fast Salts) are marketed in the form of tetrachlorozincate complex salts. The environmental impact of the heavy metal salts used in dye application processes is dealt with in Volume 2. 

Widening interest in the quaHty of the environment has led to increased demand for information on a wide range of trace-metal contents of foodstuffs. Trace metals in foodstuffs are normally determined by spectroscopic techniques after complete destruction of the organic matrix. Destruction is achieved either by wet oxidation or by dry ashing additional treatment is normally required in order to obtain the metals of interest in a form suitable for analysis. Both methods of destruction are time consuming and tedious this is particularly true of the wet-oxidation procedure, which has the additional disadvantage of being potentially hazardous the methods require considerable analytical skill and experience. Both methods are prone to produce erroneous results either by the loss of an element of interest or by adventitious contamination from the component parts... 

The accompanying table shows how the trace metal content of coal-ash aerosols depends on particle size 1 ... 

The Clean Air Act of 1990 has made trace metal content in fuels and wastes the final ash-related compositional characteristic of significance. Considerable attention is paid (ca 1993) to emissions of such metals as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, silver, and zinc. The concentration of these metals in both grate ash and flyash is of significance as a result of federal and state requirements of particular importance is the mobility of metals. This mobility, and the consequent toxicity of the ash product, is determined by the Toxic Characteristic Leaching Procedure (tclp) test. Tables 8—10 present trace metal contents for wood wastes and agricultural wastes, municipal waste, and refuse-derived fuel, respectively. In Table 8, the specific concentration of various components in the RDF governs the expected average concentration of trace metals. 

Sulfuric acid from manufacturers 1 and 6 were sent to our laboratory for analysis by a client who had yield problems when using sulfuric acid from manufacturer 1 but no problems with sulfuric acid from manufacturer 6. The total trace element concentration in the sulfuric acid from manufacturer 1 was about four times higher than that from manufacturer 6. Low trace element concentrations were also found in sulfuric acids from U.S. (manufacturer 7) and Japanese (manufacturer 8) manufacturers. Sulfuric acid from manufacturer 9 had the lowest trace metal content. This sulfuric acid was processed through an acid reclaim system and was purer than the unused sulfuric acid put into the reclamation unit. 

Heal, M.R., Hibbs, L.R., Agius, R.M. and Beverland, I.J. (2005) Total and water-soluble trace metal content of urban background PM 10, PM2.5 and black smoke in Edinburgh, UK. Atmospheric Environment, 39(8), 1417-30. 

Quevauviller, Ph., Rauret, G., Muntau, H., Rubio, R., Lopez-Sanchez, J.-F., Fiedler, H. and Griepink, B. (1994d) Evaluation of a sequential extraction procedure for the determination of extractable trace metal contents in sediment. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 349, 808. 

Sediment obtained from several sites in Lake Flumendosa, Italy, was collected, homogenised and, following a certification campaign, became available as BCR CRM 601 lake sediment certified for its extractable trace metal contents -sequential extraction (Quevauviller et d., 1997). In sediment CRM 601, concentrations of extractable Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn are certified in Step 1, but only Cd, Ni and Zn in Step 2, and Cd, Ni and Pb in Step 3. Indicative values are also given for extractable Cu in Step 1 and Pb in Step 2 (European Commission, 1997). The long-term stability of the extractable trace metal content of the reference material was recently demonstrated in a European intercomparison exercise (Lopez-Sanchez, 1998). 

The use of bioindicators and biomonitors for gathering environmental information is currently widespread, although some abuse of these terms is customary. The terms bioindicator and biomonitor are commonly but incorrectly taken to be synonymous a bioindicator provides qualitative information on the quality of the environment, whereas a biomonitor supplies quantitative data on environmental contamination.14 This section focuses on the latter, since the trace metal content of biota has been commonly used in biomonitoring programs of metal pollution in the marine environment and is considered to provide a time-integrated measure of metal bioavailability.1,15,16... 

Lorens R.B. (1978) A study of biological and physical controls of the trace metal content of calcite and aragonite. Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. of Rhode Island. 

Study of a metallic object might involve the following determinations (a) major and trace metal content by chemical analysis ... 

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