Hazards micro-organisms

Substances hazardous to health include substances labelled as dangerous (i.e. very toxic, toxic, harmful, irritant or corrosive) under any other statutory requirements, agricultural pesticides and other chemicals used on farms, and substances with occupational exposure limits. They include harmful micro-organisms and substantial quantities of dust. Indeed any material, mixture or compound used at work, or arising from work activities, which can harm people s health is apparently covered. 

Because of the cost of mains water, many companies have utilised on-site boreholes as their water source. Such water, percolating through the soil, will be much more contaminated with micro-organisms than the mains supply and will require treatment before use. River or canal water will contain even more micro-organisms and, although after sand or other filtration may appear clear, it still represents a significant contamination hazard to products in which it is used. 

The papers presented quantified and characterised dust from pig and poultry buildings. They also described the hazards to livestock and workers health due to the carriage of micro-organisms, smell and reactive chemical agents. 

Dilute solutions of all sugars are subject to fermentation, either by yeast or by other micro-organism, or enzymes derived from these, producing gases which can pressurise and burst sealed containers. Some micro-organisms will produce hydrogen or methane, adding a fire and explosion hazard. 

In reality, decisions about public health are often made on the basis of politics rather than science. If this were not so, more resources would be committed to controlling food poisoning relating to micro-organisms and less to relatively minor health hazards such as pesticides and environmental contaminants. Political decision-making needs to balance the needs of public health against legitimate consumer expectations. 

In undertaking our search of the literature linked to bioanalytical assessment of solid waste leachates (Tab. 2), we circumscribed it to small-scale toxicity testing performed on leachates. Furthermore, we did not exclude marine bioassays, but we exclusively selected literature references involving test battery approaches (TBAs) on solid wastes (or their elutriates). As defined previously in the first chapter of this book, a TBA represents a study conducted with two or more tests representing at least two biotic levels. As also pointed out in Section 2 of this chapter, TBAs are suitable to assess hazard at different levels so as not to underestimate ecotoxicity. Nevertheless, we have not excluded from this review publications describing other types of bioassays (e.g., terrestrial bioassays, sub-cellular bioassays or those carried out with recombinant DNA (micro)organisms and biosensors), when those were part of the TBA. 

The U.N. Recommendations define infectious substances as substances containing viable micro-organisms or their toxins which are known, or suspected, to cause disease in animals or humans r,>. Evaluation methods for assessing the hazards associated with... 

Since Ehrlich s time there has been continual progress in the de velopment of new chemotherarpeutic agents. Fifteen years ago the infectious diseases constituted the principal cause of death now most of these diseases are under effective control by chemotherapeutic agents, some of which have been synthesized in the laboratory and some of which have been isolated from micro-organisms. At the present time only a fetv of the infectious diseases, especially certain viral diseases, such as poliomyelitis, constitute major hazards to the health of man, and we may confidently anticipate that the control of these diseases by chemotherapeutic agents will be achieved in a few years. 

Since optical devices can only detect those particles which fall within their viewing volume, a capability to concentrate hazardous biological particles into such a volume should greatly enhance the detection sensitivity of such devices. This work aims at the concentration of 1-micron-size micro-organisms from about 100 ml of liquid, whether drawn from a bio-aerosol collector or from an environmental source, into a volume of 1 to 2 ml. Extension of the same approach to the concentration of smaller (0.1-micron-size) viral particles is also under way. 

In general, all particle filters (PI, P2, P3 as well as FFPl, FFP2, FFP3) are suitable for protection against any particulate hazardous chemicals, even acutely toxic or highly toxic substances. The restrictions mentioned in Tables 6.21 and 6.22 refer primarily to micro-organisms. PI or FFPl filters should not to be used to remove carcinogenic particles. As particle filters can be used up to the concentrations indicated in Tkbles 6.21 and 6.22 no matter what toxic properties the chemicals possess, it is very important to know about the concentrations of substances in the air (see... 

Each selected commodity will be analysed, using the procedures developed for Hazard Analysis by Critical Control Points (HACCP), for each of the following seven aspects of safety and/or quality microbial toxins and abiotic contaminants correspondence with traditional values about proper food nutrient content and food additives harmful micro-organisms freshness and taste natural plant toxicants and adulterations. 

Examples included in this class Asbestos Carbon dioxide, solid (dry ice) Consumer commodity Chemical and First aid kits Environmentally hazardous substance Life-saving appliances Engines, internal combustion Vehicles (flammable gas powered). Vehicles (flammable liquid powered) Polymeric beads Battery-powered equipment or vehicles Zinc dithionite Genetically modified organisms and micro-organisms which are not infectious substances but which are capable of altering animals, plants, or microbiological substances in a way which is not normally the result of natural reproduction. lATA 3.9.14... 

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