Micro-organisms responsible for

As other cheaper materials usually give satisfactory performance, nickel and nickel alloys are not normally required for applications involving resistance to corrosion underground. Data on their behaviour in these circumstances are therefore sparse in particular, whether micro-organisms responsible for the accelerated corrosion of ferrous and other metals in certain anaerobic soils have any influence on nickel and its alloys, is uncertain. 

Barratt, S. R., Ennos, A. R., Greenhalgh, M., Robson, G. D. Handley, P. S. (2003). Fungi are the predominant micro-organisms responsible for degradation of soil-buried polyester polyurethane over a range of soil water holding capacities. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 95, 78-85. 

The modern period of chemotherapy, the treatment of disease by use of chemical substances, began with the work of Paul Fhrlich (1854-1916). It was known at the beginning of the present century that certain organic compounds of arsenic would kill protozoa, parasitic micro-organisms responsible for certain diseases, and Ehrlich set himself the task of synthesizing a large number of arsenic compounds, ill an effort to find one which would be at the same time toxic (poisonous) to protozoa irj the human body and non-toxic to the human host... 

Arsphenamine has been found to be extremely valuable. Its greatest use is in the treatment of syphilis the drug attacks the micro-organism responsible for this disease, Spirocheta pallida. It has also been useful in the treatment of some other diseases. At the present time it seems to be in the process of being superseded by penicillin (which we shall discuss below) in the treatment of syphilis. 

There are two types of secondary aerobic biological treatment processes suspended growth processes and attached growth processes. In the suspended growth process, the micro-organisms responsible for the biochemical conversion of organic matter are kept in... 

Episodes of massive marine animal kills and noxious ocean vapors have been associated with discolored water in the Gulf of Mexico since the earliest records. In the late 1940s, two seminal reports commenced research on brevetoxins the first identified the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve as the micro-organism responsible for discolored water and fish kills and fhe second demonstrated that when vapors of water containing the organism were introduced to volunteers, it caused the characteristic respiratory irritation. Nearly two decades later, a toxic activity was isolated from... 

Corrosion associated with the action of micro-organisms present in the corrosion system. The biological action of organisms which is responsible for the enliancement of corrosion can be, for instance, to produce aggressive metabolites to render the environment corrosive, or they may be able to participate directly in the electrochemical reactions. In many cases microbial corrosion is closely associated with biofouling, which is caused by the activity of organisms that produce deposits on the metal surface. 

It is obvious that rapid metabolite production requires high fluxes of carbon through the metabolic systems responsible for its synthesis. The rate of metabolite production, for a wide range of micro-organisms, has been shown to increase with decrease in... 

Different strains of micro-organisms are responsible for the production of either penicillins or cephalosporins. In penicillin-producing strains, an acyltransferase enzyme system is present which can remove the side chain from isopenirillin N to give 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA), and which can subsequently acylate 6-APA to generate various penicillins, the most important ones being penicillin G and V(see section 6.3, Table 6.2). 

The liver plays a decisive role in the cholesterol metabolism. The liver accounts for 90% of the overall endogenic cholesterol and its esters the liver is also impli-cated in the biliary secretion of cholesterol and in the distribution of cholesterol among other organs, since the liver is responsible for the synthesis of apoproteins for pre-p-lipoproteins, a-lipoproteins, and P-lipoproteins which transport the secreted cholesterol in the blood. In part, cholesterol is decomposed by intestinal micro-flora however, its major part is reduced to coprostanol and cholestanol which, together with a small amount of nonconverted cholesterol, are excreted in the feces. 

The main pathways of the breakdown of fatty acids in biological systems involve oxidation at various points along the chain or oxidation at certain double bonds of specific unsaturated fatty acids (Coultate, 2001 90-98). The main forms of oxidation are termed a-, (3- and to-. They are named depending on which carbon of the chain is attacked. Of these (3-oxidation is the most general and prevalent. Degradation proceeds by the liberation of two-carbon (acetyl-CoA) fragments from the chain. The enzymes responsible for oxidation are widely found in plants, animals and micro-organisms. 

In half the cases of acute community-acquired pneumonia a microbiological diagnosis can be made. Streptococcus pneumoniae is responsible for 16-60% of the cases. The second most prevalent micro-organisms are those responsible for the so called atypical pneumonia syndrome including... 

Sterile products have several unique dosage form properties, such as freedom from micro-organisms, freedom from pyrogens, freedom from particulates, and extremely high standards of purity and quality however, the ultimate goal in the manufacture of a sterile product is absolute absence of microbial contamination. The emphasis of this chapter will be the validation of the sterilization processes responsible for achieving this goal. 

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