Micro-organisms acetate

One of the more recent innovative approaches was to look for new micro-organisms and novel carbohydrate substrates. The early fermentations used sugar beet or cane molasses, various syrups, sweet potato starch or glucose itself and the micro-organism was always an Aspergillus spp. In the early 1930 s it was found that yeasts would produce dtric add from acetate. Since then a variety of yeasts, prindpally Candida spp., has been shown to convert glucose, w-alkanes or ethanol to dtric add with great effidency. 

Suflita, J.M., Stout, J., and Tiedje, J.M. Dechlorination of (2.4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid by anaerobic micro-organisms, J. Agric. Food Chem., 32(2) 218-221, 1984. 

Chlorine is the oldest and most widespread method of water disinfection. In reverse osmosis systems, chlorine may be added to feedwater for control of micro-organisms and, in addition, to prevent membrane fouling by microbiological growth. According to Vos et al. [i,2], chlorine will attack cellulose diacetate membranes at concentrations above 50 ppm. Membranes were found to show a sharp increase in salt permeability and a decrease in strength after one week of continuous exposure. Under milder conditions (10 ppm chlorine for 15 days) no detectable change in performance was observed. Spatz and Friedlander [3] have also found cellulose acetate membranes to be resistant to chlorine when exposed to 1.5 ppm for three weeks. 

Another factor rarely considered is the zone of the root system subjected to the microbial metabolite. It is likely that the metabolites will only be formed in particular regions of the soil where there are suitable substrates for producer micro-organisms and it is unlikely that the entire root system will come under the influence of a metabolite. For example, acetic acid is a coinnon microbial fermentation product of cellulose and is phytotoxic ( 5,... 

The terpenoids are secondary metabolites that are found in essential oils, resins, tissues of higher plants and micro-organisms, whilst recently some have also been located in liverworts [5,6]. The terpenoids are formed from linear arrangements of isoprene units, Fig. (1), which are derived from acetate metabolism through mevalonic acid (MVA). This pathway was found to be common to the whole range of natural terpenoid derivatives... 

Of three new metabolites isolated from this same micro-organism, tryptoquivaline L (FTL) (27) is 12-ep/-tryptoquivaline G, and can be obtained by the base-catalysed isomerization of tryptoquivaline G (28). Tryptoquivaline M (FTM) is a secondary acetate which was proved indirectly to be 12-epi-nortryp-... 

One of the first cases of the application of membrane bioreactors in food processes was the production of milk with low lactose content. (3-galactosidase was entrapped into cellulose acetate fibers to carry out the hydrolysis of milk and whey lactose [2] recently the system was improved by the use of microfiltration and by UV irradiation of the enzyme solution to avoid growth of micro-organisms [45]. 

Wood acetylated with thioacetic acid showed resistance to decay and termites at low WPG around 12. The available information on pattern of substitution of hydroxyls during acetylation with acetic anhydride suggests substitution of lignin hydroxyls at low acetylation levels. Resistance to micro-organisms, particularly those consuming cellulose, even at low acetylation... 

The micro-organism Bacillus subtilis var. Niger will hydrolyse preferentially one enantiomer of ( )-alkylcyclohexanol acetate.26 In this way, treatment of ( )-a-cyclogeranyl acetate (45) gave (— )-(S)- -cyclogeraniol, together with ( + )-(R)-a-cyclogeranyl acetate, in low optical purity. 

Micro-organism CIcA ManA Other Gal GIc Man Other acetal groups References... 

Different lyophiHzed micro-organisms, ranging from bacteria (46 strains) to yeasts (42 strains) and molds (15 strains), were screened for the hydrolysis of a number of esters (acetate, butyrate, and caprylate) of geraniol and u-hexanol [4]. 

Monoterpenols were esterified by lipases from various micro-organisms (especially Aspergillus spp.),931 and ( )-carvyl acetates were hydrolysed by other species to give chiral carveols together with (unreacted) acetates of the enantiomer.932 The metabolic pathways for the conversions of (—)-carvone into (—)-... 

Supercritical fluid CO2 was also investigated for sterilization of dry-powder animal blood plasma containing both living micro-organisms and bacterial endospores (56). The initial water content of the plasma powder was 6.8%. No apparent inactivation of the microbes was achieved at 35°C and 20 MPa in a 2-h treatment. However, with the addition of water (initial water content of 16.7%) and/or the use of cosolvents (ethanol or acetic acid), 2-5 log reductions in living cells could be achieved. The need for water to achieve sterilization of the powders is consistent with previous investigations of sterilization at low water content. 

This disintegration of the albuminoid substance, which converts almost the whole of the organic nitrogen into ammonia, results from the combined action of numerous micro-organisms, of different species and nature. The products elaborated by one class of bacteria often serve as the point of attack for another. Thus the volatile acids and oxyacids furni.shed in the course of ammoniacal fermentation constitute a nutritive rruitcrial for the ferments of cellulose, bacteria abundantly represented in the soil Calcium acetate, as well as its homologues, react under these conditions in the following manner ... 

Iso and anteiso acids occur widely in animal fats and waxes (where they are sometimes major components) and in the lipids of some micro-organisms. The iso and anteiso acids usually have a total number of even and odd carbon atoms respectively and the anteiso acids are generally dextrorotatory with absolute configuration l(5). They are thought to result from a modification of the normal de novo pathway in which the usual starter acetate molecule is replaced by 2-methylpropanoate or 2-methylbutanoate ... 

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