Method in laboratory

Merz, H., Malisius, R., Mann-Weiler, S., Zhou, R., Hartmann, W., Orscheschek, K., Moubayed, P., and Feller, A. C. 1995. Methods in laboratory investigation immunoMax. A maximized immuno-histochemical method for the retrieval and enhancement of hidden antigens. Lab. Invest. 73 149-156. 

Sibony, M., Commo, F., Callard, P., and Gasc, J.-M. 1995. Methods in laboratory investigation. Enhancement of mRNA in situ hybridization signal by microwave heating. Lab. Invest. 73 586-591. 

Hendriksen CFM, Leeuw W (1998), Production of monoclonal antibodies by the ascites method in laboratory animals, Res. Immunol. 149 535-542. 

An adaptive UKF algorithm is presented to estimate the state variables in the face of unknown changes in characteristics of measurement noise. Accuracy of the proposed AUKF estimator is the best even compared with that of Particle Filter with much less computation time. The proposed LQG control scheme using this adaptive estimator can successfully stabilize the system despite of any system parameter and noise characteristic changes. Implementation of the proposed method in laboratory scale in the same way that is performed in [7] is recommended. 

Eraser CG, Peterson PH, Ricos C, Haeckel R. Quality specifications, Jn Evaluation Methods in Laboratory Medicine, R. Haeckel, Ed. Hew York, VCH Publishers, 1993, pp. 87-99. 

Btittner J. Reference materials and reference methods in laboratory medicine a challenge to international cooperation. Eur J Clin Chem Chn Biochem 1994 32 571-7. 

The Soxhlet method is the reference method for organic molecules because it is the oldest and most commonly used method in laboratories. Soxhlet extraction is described in various EPA methods and in some ISO methods. The principle is based on LSE by continuous recirculation through the soil sample of a condensed solvent. 

Ibach RE, Clemons CM, Stark NM. Combined UV and water exposure as a preconditioning method in laboratory fungal durability testing. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Woodflber-Plastic Composites 2003 May 19-20 Madison, WI. Wisconsin Forest Products Society 2004. p 61. 

Recently, copper mine tailings have been treated by the EKR and electrodialytic remediation (EDR) methods in laboratory scale by different investigators (Kim and Kim, 2001 Hansen, Rojo, and Ottosen, 2005). 

Although hoods are most commonly used to control concentrations of toxic vapors, they can also serve to dilute and exhaust flammable vapors. Although theoretically possible, it is extremely unlikely (even under most worst-case scenarios) that the concentration of flammable vapors will reach the lower explosive limit (LEL) in the exhaust duct. However, somewhere between the source and the exhaust outlet of the hood, the concentration will pass through the upper explosive limit (UEL) and the LEL before being fully diluted at the outlet. Both the hood designer and the user should recognize this hazard and eliminate possible sources of ignition within the hood and its ductwork if there is a potential for explosion. The use of duct sprinklers or other suppression methods in laboratory fume ductwork is not necessary, or desirable, in the vast majority of situations. 

Kinetic constant given by this simplified theory - by plotting n u as a function of the residence time L/v - is of the same 9)rder of magnitude as the literature values obtained with steady state method in laboratory gas-liquid contactors. ... 

Due to the high information content of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments the application of NMR-based process control systems becomes increasingly attractive. Especially low field NMR systems enhance the applicability of NMR based methods in laboratory and industry, being small, mobile, maintenance fnendly, inexpensive and easier adaptable to their surroundings. 

Principles and Characteristics According to the lUPAC definition, an interlaboratory study is one in which several laboratories measure a quantity in one or more identical portions of homogeneous materials under documented conditions, the results of which are compiled into a single report. Three types of interlaboratory studies are distinguished, namely method-performance, laboratory-performance or material-certification studies. The aim of method-performance or collaborative studies is to assess the performance characteristics of a specific method. In laboratory-performance or proficiency studies a homogeneous test material is analysed of which the true concentrations are known or have been assigned in some way. The participants apply whatever... 

The determination of the water content is one of the most frequently used methods in laboratories for foods around the world. One method is the drying method using drying ovens... 

If oil and water are mixed as an emulsion, dehydration becomes much more difficult. Emulsions can form as oil-in-water or water-in-oil if mixed production streams are subjected to severe turbulence, as might occur in front of perforations in the borehole. Emulsions can be encouraged to break (or destabilise) using chemicals, heat or just gentle agitation. Chemical destabilisation is the most common method and laboratory tests would normally be conducted to determine the most suitable combination of chemicals. 

CTB 941.2-93 defines laboratories subject to accreditation in National system. Among others laboratories with legal status, results of testing and measurements of which are used in assessment of safety of products, works and services, in diagnostics of technical state of critical safety objects and vehicles are noted. These laboratories use different NDT methods in their activities. 

The type of balance referred to abo e has now been superseded by far more accurate and more rapid balances w hich do not retynre the method of weighing described (p. 466). This book may, however, be used in laboratories which do not possess these balances, or use single-pan balances. 

The comparatively wide prevalence of micro-methods of quantitative organic analysis, applied more particularly to the estimation of the constituent elements in an organic compound, may cause the advisability of including the macro-methods in Part IV to be questioned. Quite apart, however, from the fact that the micro-methods still find no place in many laboratories, we consider that thorough practice in the macro-methods of quantitative analysis to be not only an excellent introduction to the micro-methods themselves, but also a valuable training in exact manipulation generally. 

Just in case you are not familiar with basic laboratory procedures, this chapter will explain them to you. These are the most basic lab techniques and almost every method in this entire book will require many, if not all, of the protocols to follow. So pay attention ... 

The time needed to complete an analysis for a single sample is often fairly similar from method to method. This is somewhat misleading, however, because much of this time is spent preparing the solutions and equipment needed for the analysis. Once the solutions and equipment are in place, the number of samples that can be analyzed per hour differs substantially from method to method. This is a significant factor in selecting a method for laboratories that handle a high volume of samples. 

An external standardization allows a related series of samples to be analyzed using a single calibration curve. This is an important advantage in laboratories where many samples are to be analyzed or when the need for a rapid throughput of samples is critical. Not surprisingly, many of the most commonly encountered quantitative analytical methods are based on an external standardization. 

Since a standard additions calibration curve is constructed in the sample, it cannot be extended to the analysis of another sample. Each sample, therefore, requires its own standard additions calibration curve. This is a serious drawback to the routine application of the method of standard additions, particularly in laboratories that must handle many samples or that require a quick turnaround time. For example, suppose you need to analyze ten samples using a three-point calibration curve. For a normal calibration curve using external standards, only 13 solutions need to be analyzed (3 standards and 10 samples). Using the method of standard additions, however, requires the analysis of 30 solutions, since each of the 10 samples must be analyzed three times (once before spiking and two times after adding successive spikes). 

The sound-absorbing properties of acoustical materials also are influenced by the manner in which the materials are mounted. Standard mounting methods for use in laboratory testing are specified in ASTM E795-92 (2). Unless noted otherwise, pubflshed data for acoustic ceiling materials are for Mounting Type E-400, for which the material being tested is suspended 400 mm below a hard surface. 

Standard reference materials provide a necessary but insufficient means for achieving accuracy and measurement compatibiUty on a national or international scale. Good test methods, good laboratory practices, well-qualified personnel, and proper intralaboratory and intedaboratory quaUty assurance procedures ate equally important. A systems approach to measurement compatibiUty is ikustrated in Figure 2. The function of each level is to transfer accuracy to the level below and to help provide traceabiUty to the level above. Thus traversing the hierarchy from bottom to top increases accuracy at the expense of measurement efficiency. 

Both ultrasonic and radiographic techniques have shown appHcations which ate useful in determining residual stresses (27,28,33,34). Ultrasonic techniques use the acoustoelastic effect where the ultrasonic wave velocity changes with stress. The x-ray diffraction (xrd) method uses Bragg s law of diffraction of crystallographic planes to experimentally determine the strain in a material. The result is used to calculate the stress. As of this writing, whereas xrd equipment has been developed to where the technique may be conveniently appHed in the field, convenient ultrasonic stress measurement equipment has not. This latter technique has shown an abiHty to differentiate between stress reHeved and nonstress reHeved welds in laboratory experiments. 

Other simple tests include the soil burial test used to demonstrate the biodegradabiUty of polycaprolactone (25), following its disappearance as a function of time, and the clear 2one method which indicates biodegradation by the formation of a clear 2one in an agar medium of the test polymer or plastic as it is consumed (26). The burial test is still used as a confirmatory test method in the real-world environment after quantitative laboratory methods indicate bio degradation. 

Alkylamines and diamines are generally classified as corrosive to the skin based on results from laboratory animal (rabbit) studies performed in accordance with the Department of Transportation (DOT) test method (84) rabbits are considered to be especially sensitive to alkylamines which even at low concentrations can induce skin redness and swelling. Oleylamine has been shown to induce mild to moderate skin irritation in laboratory rats when appHed at a concentration of 0.3% in mineral oil (Chemical Manufacturer s Association, 1985). Fatty amines which contain alkyl chains of 10—14 carbons are considered more irritating than related products which contain alkyl chains of 14—18 carbon atoms. Ethoxylation generally decreases the irritation potential of alkylamines. 

Sulfamic acid [5329-14-6] (amidosulfuric acid), HSO2NH2, molecular weight 97.09, is a monobasic, inorganic, dry acid and the monoamide of sulfuric acid. Sulfamic acid is produced and sold in the form of water-soluble crystals. This acid was known and prepared in laboratories for nearly a hundred years before it became a commercially available product. The first preparation of this acid occurred around 1836 (1). Later work resulted in identification and preparation of sulfamic acid in its pure form (2). In 1936, a practical process which became the basis for commercial preparation was developed (3,4). This process, involving the reaction of urea with sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid, continues to be the main method for production of sulfamic acid. 

One more variation to the many methods proposed for sulfur extraction is the fire-flood method. It is a modem version of the Sickian method, by which a portion of the sulfur is burned to melt the remainder. It would be done in situ and is said to offer cost advantages, to work in almost any type of zone formation, and to produce better sweep efficiency than other systems. The recovery stream would be about 20 wt % sulfur as SO2 and 80 wt % elemental sulfur. The method was laboratory-tested in the late 1960s and patents were issued. However, it was not commercially exploited because sulfur prices dropped. 

Several other antigens with good immunocontraceptive potential have been identified and investigated in laboratory animals. In most studies, the rate and duration of the immunocontraceptive effect are less than acceptable. A potential problem in immunological approaches to antifertUity research is the need for a safe, effective adjuvant and suitable animal models for evaluating the efficacy and safety of methods (111). Newer and more effective adjuvants are required for contraceptive vaccines and vaccines in general. 

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