Fire flooding

One more variation to the many methods proposed for sulfur extraction is the fire-flood method. It is a modem version of the Sickian method, by which a portion of the sulfur is burned to melt the remainder. It would be done in situ and is said to offer cost advantages, to work in almost any type of zone formation, and to produce better sweep efficiency than other systems. The recovery stream would be about 20 wt % sulfur as SO2 and 80 wt % elemental sulfur. The method was laboratory-tested in the late 1960s and patents were issued. However, it was not commercially exploited because sulfur prices dropped. 

Adequate cash and a history of prompt payment of accounts strengthen the credit standing of a company and make it easier to obtain bank loans, etc. A company needs additional cash as a contingency against fires, floods, strikes, etc., as well as for additional adver-... 

The ICS is designed to be used in response to emergencies caused by fires, floods, earthqu es, hurricanes, riots, hazardous materials, or other natural or human-caused incidents. 

Analysis of External Events uses the models developed in the plant system analysis with considerations for seismic, fire, flood, high winds and missiles on the plant. Additional c cm trees or their equivalent may be needed for the external events. 

Sometimes, even in this electronic age , paper is still the medium of choice. For retained records that must be made available to personnel responding to an emergency, paper is a better medium than electronic media, because paper can remain accessible during emergency events (e.g., power outages, fires, floods, etc.) that could render electronic records inaccessible. 

In reactions of this kind not only is the sulphur removed from the hydrocarbon but the hydrogen of the water (steam) becomes intimately involved in the overall process. Indeed the reaction is the combination of the thermal cracking shown in the fire flood example and the water gas reaction between the produced coke and steam. 

The discussion in Section 7.6 is not intended to imply that the three methods of depressurization, thermal stimulation, and inhibitor injection are the only means of hydrate dissociation. Because the hydrate science is available as indicated in the earlier chapters of this book, the application of that science to recovery from hydrates is an exercise for the innovative engineer. Novel ideas such as fire flooding (Halleck et al., 1982), burial of nuclear wastes (Malone, 1985, p. 27), and the use of electromagnetic heating (Islam, 1994) are only three innovative ways of dissociating hydrates, but none have been tried. However, in this portion of the chapter, it is intended to describe trends for dissociating hydrates in several kinds of reservoirs, as an indication of the future. 

SNH - deals with an undesirable event caused by non-human actions, deals with physical environment, like fire, flood, earthquake, different disturbances or technical failures ... 

Powerful oxidizing material forms explosive mixtures with combustible organic or other easily oxidizable materials. Such mixtures are ignited readily by friction or heat. To fight fire, flood with water.2... 

Unattended operations must be planned with automatic safety switches that prevent serious damage (fire, flooding, explosion) in case of accidental equipment failure or interruption of utility services such as electricity, water, or gas supplies. Of special concern are the constant flow of cooling water and the operation of high-temperature baths. In the case of water flow, a device should be installed in the water line to (1) automatically regulate the water pressure (so as to avoid surges that might disconnect or rupture a water hose), and (2) automatically turn off electrical connections and water-supply valves in case of a total loss of water supply. In the case of hot thermostat baths or ovens, a sensor/control device should be installed that automatically turns off the electrical power to all heaters if the temperature exceeds some preset upper limit. 

Natural disasters can be categorized as acute or slow in their onset (Noji, 1996). They are predictable because they cluster in geographic areas. Natural hazards are unpreventable and, for the most part, uncontrollable. Even if quick recovery occurs, natural disasters can have long-term effects. Natural disasters with acute onsets include events such as avalanche blizzard or extreme cold earthquake fire flood heat wave hurricane, cyclone, or typhoon tornado tsunami or storm surge volcanic eruption and wildfire. Natural hazards with a slow or gradual onset include deforestation, desertification, drought, and pest infestation. The most important natural disasters and examples of their environmental effects are listed in Table 17.1. 

Procedures and plans supporting business continuity (Disaster Recovery Plans and Contingency Plans) must be specified, tested, and approved before the system is approved for use. Business Continuity Plans will normally be prepared for a business or an operational area rather than for individual computer systems. It is likely that the only way to verify the plan is to walk through a variety of disaster scenarios. Topics for consideration should include catastrophic hardware and software failures, fire/flood/lightning strikes, and security breaches. Alternative means of operation must be available in case of failure if critical data is required at short notice (e.g., in case of drug product recalls). Reference to verification of the Business Continuity Plans is appropriate during OQ/PQ. 

Environmental Conditions earthing, filtering, loading, surge protection, temperature, humidity, vibration, electrical interference (ESD, EMI, RFI), fire, flood, hygiene... 

Procedures and plans supporting business continuity must be specified, tested, and approved before the system is approved for use. Topics for consideration should include catastrophic hardware and software failures, fire/flood/lightning strikes, and security breaches. Procedures need to address ... 

An allergen. Flammable when exposed to heat or flame. Ignites on contact with water or sodium chlorite. To extinguish fires, flood the reacting mass with water. Decomposes violently when heated to 190°C and emits toxic fumes of SOx and Na20. 

The ratio of the oil to water alone is not sufficient to determine which is the dispersed phase because the presence of emulsifiers or solids can significantly affect the amount of dispersed phase distributed in a given amount of continuous phase. Figure 2 shows an example of a fire flood emulsion that is water-in-oil, although the emulsion contains 63% (by weight) water. Explosives are often water-in-oil emulsions with up to 92% water phase (J6, 17). 

Figure 2. Scanning electron micrographs (at three magnifications) of a fire flood emulsion illustrating a case in which, although the water-oil ratio is 2.5 1, water is the dispersed phase. The composition of this emulsion is 63% water, 11% solids, and 26% oil. The compositions of the dispersed and continuous phases were determined from the X-ray signal excited in the electron microscope. The size of the dispersed water phase ranges from less than 0.1 pm up to about 10 pm. The large features labeled O are regions of oil phase that can be described as oil emulsified in a continuous phase of a water-in-oil emulsion. These complex systems are difficult to characterize with anything but microscopic methods.

The introduction of heat to the reservoir affects the properties of the reservoir fluids (e.g., lowering oil viscosity). In the extreme case of fire flooding, where combustion temperatures of480 (900 °F) can be attained,... 

Hazard Fire risk in contact with moisture. To extinguish fires, flood the reacting mass with water. 

The two main thermal recovery processes are steam injection and in situ combustion. In the steam injection process, steam of 80% quality is injected into the reservoir to displace oil. The steam can be injected continuously (called steam drive ) or intermittently (called cyclic steam injection ). In the steam drive process, steam is injected in several injection wells and the oil is produced in several production well. In cyclic injection process, steam is injected in several (previously producing) wells for 2-6 weeks, soaked for 3-7 days, and produced back for a few weeks or months. This cycle can be repeated several times. Often, the steam flood is preceded by cyclic injection. Steam injection has been used commercially for several decades. In fire flooding or in situ combustion process, air is injected and ignited inside the reservoir. A combustion front... 

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